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Ma Kun (left), a rural science and technology correspondent, went to the countryside to guide farmers to check the production of litchi trees. Nanfang Daily reporter Sun Junjie photo

　　"Hello, Chief Ma, I heard that there are novel litchi varieties. Members of our cooperative held a meeting overnight to discuss and would like to ask you to guide the grafting of new varieties." Wechat like this is often received by Ma Kun, an associate researcher at Dongguan Agricultural Science Research Center. As a rural science and technology correspondent, Ma Kun often provides technical consulting services for fruit farmers, and goes deep into orchards to provide on-site guidance for farmers. He is worried that fruit farmers don’t know his name, and he specially asks fruit farmers to call him "Mark", which is simple and easy to remember.

　　Ma Kun is one of 107 rural science and technology commissioners in Dongguan. Today, this team has become the vanguard of rural revitalization in Dongguan. They promoted advanced technology at the grassroots level, solved intractable diseases for farmers, and helped villagers reduce planting costs. In the past six years, they have served the masses 1457 times.

　　The relevant person in charge of Dongguan Agricultural and Rural Bureau said: "These ‘ Soil expert ’ And ‘ Tian Xiucai ’ Introducing science and technology into Tiantou and using demonstration projects to drive development have laid a good foundation for rural revitalization and building beautiful countryside. " (Nanfang Daily reporter Shi Mei trainee reporter Wu Yuhu)

　　Solve technical problems

　　Villagers have reliable "consultants"

　　Grape is a northern fruit, which was not suitable for planting in Dongguan in the past. In recent years, in order to support the development of urban agriculture, Miao Bingbing, a rural science and technology correspondent in Dongguan and a senior agronomist in the Municipal Agricultural Science Research Center, and his colleagues have overcome difficulties, introduced grapes to Dongguan and planted 1000 mu.

　　"Dongguan can also grow grapes!" The news spread like wildfire. At the beginning of last year, Dr. Huang Huiming, a returnee, called four small partners and came to a wasteland in Qishi Town to build a "My Farm" vineyard. Although young people are energetic, Huang Huiming and his companions are both from engineering backgrounds and are not familiar with agriculture. They invited Miao Bingbing to be a tutor and be students with an open mind.

　　Local farmers in Dongguan have never planted grapes, and the technical problems they face are endless. Miao Bingbing said that growing grapes requires high technology and poor management, so it is difficult to have a good harvest. To this end, he and his colleagues held training courses and held on-site meetings in orchards. Every key link of grape planting, from site selection, greenhouse construction, variety selection to growth management, from flowering, pruning to yield and harvest, scientific and technical personnel should be present to follow and guide the whole process.

　　For technical problems in planting, we should look for rural science and technology commissioners, and also look for them when plants have diseases and insect pests. In Bai Cai Village, Daojiao Town, many villagers make a living by planting wax gourd, and there are 500-600 mu of wax gourd fields in the local area. However, since last year, wax gourd wilt has been bothering them.

　　"Since last year, our team has received a request for help from wax gourd infected with Fusarium wilt in Bai Cai village. Locally planted wax gourd began to get sick at the seedling stage, and by the mature stage, half of wax gourd was infected with Fusarium wilt, which directly brought more than half of the output value loss to farmers. " Speaking of this, Lu Xiangzi, a rural science and technology correspondent in Dongguan and deputy director of the Municipal Banana and Vegetable Research Institute, is full of distress. "The couple planted 10 acres of wax gourd, and the gross profit of one acre of land was about 19,000 yuan. The blight of winter melon directly cuts their income in half, and the villagers are miserable. "

　　In order to overcome this problem, Lv Shun and his team have visited Nanhai, Foshan, Yulin, Guangxi, Nanning, Taishan, Jiangmen and other major wax gourd producing areas to carry out pathogen collection and prevention and control technology research. "We are taking the time to carry out research on the prevention and control technology of wax gourd wilt in Dongguan, hoping to overcome this problem as soon as possible and reduce the losses of farmers."

　　Support demonstration base

　　Agricultural enterprises have their own "think tanks"

　　In the greenhouse of Dongguan Grain and Flower Research Institute, thousands of pots of Anthurium andraeanum are arranged neatly, and the pots are full of flowers, which makes the viewers happy. Anthurium symbolizes great ambitions. Anthurium can often be seen when moving to a new home, opening a new store or celebrating a wedding. Wang Yanjun, a rural science and technology correspondent in Dongguan and deputy director of Dongguan Grain and Flower Research Institute, said that the market consumption of Anthurium andraeanum is large, the flowering period is about 3 months, and the consumption cost performance is high. After she and her team were familiar with their planting methods, they helped Dongguan Donggong Professional Cooperative to become a brand in the industry.

　　The planting threshold of Anthurium andraeanum is relatively high, which belongs to facility agriculture. The cost per square meter of its greenhouse is from 400 yuan to 500 yuan, and each greenhouse needs to be equipped with water curtains, fans and air conditioners. Only one greenhouse needs about 10 air conditioners with 50 horses. Wang Yanjun said that Anthurium is also very demanding on elements such as soil, sunshine, water and fertilizer.

　　"We mainly do a good job in planting and production. Although we have encountered minor setbacks, fortunately, the Dongguan Grain and Flower Research Institute has escorted us, and it has been very smooth along the way." Ye Shuzhen, the relevant person in charge of Donggong Professional Cooperative, introduced.

　　Not only the Donggong specialized cooperative, since 2013, the Municipal Grain and Flower Research Institute has successively established three large demonstration bases, including the Donggong specialized cooperative in Xiegang Town, Chuntian Xinlv Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd. in machong and Zhuohui Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd. in Dongkeng Town. They have sent science and technology commissioners to provide peer-to-peer personal services, from park planning and establishment of sales channels to variety selection and technology transfer. With the careful support of the institute, after several years of development, all three bases have certain strength and started their brands in the industry. Last year, the three bases sold 1.5 million pots of ornamental flowers such as Anthurium andraeanum, arrowroot and evergreen, with sales reaching 15 million yuan.

　　In 2017, based on the original foundation, the Municipal Research Institute of Grain Crops and Flowers made persistent efforts to build four new demonstration bases, including Huitong Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. in Daojiao Jifeng Agricultural Industrial Park, Shunyi Flower Cooperative in Fenggang Town, Yalan Flower Co., Ltd. in Shijie Town and Nongxing Biological Co., Ltd. in Shilong Town. In recent years, the Municipal Research Institute of Grain and Flowers has helped these bases to standardize management, solve technical difficulties and establish good brands, and achieved good results. At present, these four bases have been appraised as demonstration bases for the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements.

　　It is a microcosm of Dongguan’s model of "science and technology correspondent+enterprise+demonstration base" to send rural science and technology commissioners to enterprises and guide enterprises to enter agricultural related fields. Since the implementation of the action of science and technology Commissioner in 2012, Dongguan has implemented the project director responsibility system, given full play to the demonstration and leading role of "local experts" and "Tian Xiucai", used cooperative projects to promote development, established various cooperation modes such as "science and technology Commissioner+enterprise+demonstration base" and "science and technology Commissioner+farmer+demonstration base", vigorously promoted various new agricultural technologies and varieties, and acted as a "good" for agricultural enterprises, cooperatives and farmers.

　　Drive rural development

　　The story of "getting rich through science and technology" was staged in less developed villages.

　　Came to houjie town Dajing community, on both sides of the wide cement road, full of cars. Ma Kun said: "In 2011, when I first came to Datun, it was not like this. At that time, entering the orchard was still a bumpy dirt road, which made people feel sick. "

　　Unlike many villages in Dongguan, Dajing is close to the Forest Park and Henggang Reservoir, which is an important ecological protection area and cannot develop industry. Litchi is the main source of income for local people, and the village collective economy is relatively backward. It is one of the two less developed villages in houjie town. However, the traditional quality and yield of litchi are greatly influenced by the year. Litchi has a high yield every year, but it is cheap, "low fruit hurts farmers"; Litchi production is reduced in small years, and some farmers can hardly recover the cost.

　　In view of this situation, Ma Kun and his team are committed to developing new varieties of litchi and labor-saving cultivation techniques of litchi, so that litchi can be sold at a high price and farmers can have lower costs. Huang Zhiqiang, president of Houjie Dajing Guiguan Litchi Professional Cooperative, was deeply touched by this.

　　Walking into the litchi orchard in Huang Zhiqiang, a community resident, litchi trees are growing well all over the mountain. Huang Zhiqiang said, "We want to get rich by litchi, but we have no technology. In 2012, the Agricultural Science Center promoted new litchi varieties, and I signed up for the first batch. " This new variety is called "Bingli", which was cultivated by the Agricultural Science Center on a natural variation tree species after more than 20 years of research and development. The new variety was successfully planted and quickly popularized in Dajing community.

　　Pick up an "ice plum", look at the appearance, the skin is full of bright red, taste it, the meat is smooth, sweet and honey-flavored, and the stone is very small. Huang Zhiqiang said: "Compared with the litchi varieties we used to grow, the quality of iced litchi is better." With the cultivation of excellent litchi varieties, Dajing community has gained confidence. Since 2012, Litchi Festival has been held every year to enhance the reputation of new varieties. This year, the demand for ice licks planted by villagers is in short supply in the market, and they are sold to 380 yuan per catty. Even though other varieties of litchi were sold at low prices last year, iced litchi can still be sold at a high price of around 200 yuan per catty. Huang Zhiqiang sold 2,000 Jin last year and earned several hundred thousand yuan.

　　The new variety of litchi developed by Ma Kun and his colleagues is making a fortune for more and more underdeveloped villages. Last year’s China International Litchi Industry Conference selected ten main varieties in Guangdong, including Bingli, Lingfengnuo, Guanyin Green and Tangxiahong, all from Dongguan Agricultural Science Research Center.

　　Not only that, the horse has also brought many new agricultural technologies to fruit farmers: pipeline spraying technology, laying pipelines in the field, improving spraying efficiency and reducing labor intensity; Fertilizer and water integration technology can reduce production cost and improve litchi quality through precise fertilization and water use; Popularizing new equipment such as ring cutting tools makes orchard management more labor-saving. According to the evaluation of agricultural authorities, the application of labor-saving cultivation technology of litchi can save the average cost of 500 to 1,500 yuan per mu and increase the income by 300 yuan to 700 yuan.

　　According to the relevant staff of the Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, since the implementation of the Science and Technology Commissioner in 2012, Dongguan has continuously innovated its service methods. By the end of 2018, a total of 107 special commissioners had been dispatched to serve and guide the masses for 1,457 times, and 64 new agricultural technologies, varieties and achievements had been introduced and popularized, and 83 enterprises and demonstration bases had settled in, initially forming a three-level management service network for science and technology special commissioners in cities, towns, streets and demonstration bases.

　　"On the one hand, we focus on the development strategy of rejuvenating agriculture through science and technology, implement the project host responsibility system, use cooperative projects to drive development, and continuously expand the service coverage of science and technology commissioners; On the other hand, we plan our work around the rural revitalization and the construction of beautiful countryside, with the aim of meeting the needs of agricultural industry development in various places as the starting point. The team of special commissioners goes deep into the grass-roots units to jointly tackle key technical problems with enterprises and farmers to solve key technologies for the development of agricultural production. In the future, Dongguan will continue to expand the team of science and technology commissioners and build a vanguard of rural revitalization. "

　　■ Reporter’s Notes

　　Commissioner inserts "wings of science and technology" for rural revitalization

　　Factories are spreading, and high-rise buildings are springing up. In the wave of rapid industrialization and urbanization in Dongguan, agricultural land is decreasing, and farmers "wash their feet and go to the fields", where rural revitalization and urban development form a trend of going hand in hand.

　　The agricultural production that has been inherited for thousands of years and the extensive small-scale peasant model are increasingly unsuitable for the development needs of Dongguan. Can we innovate in planting varieties, develop urban agriculture, activate the countryside and insert "scientific and technological wings" for traditional agriculture? To solve these problems, the emergence of rural science and technology commissioners is just the right time.

　　In August last year, the Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province, in conjunction with relevant institutions, issued the Action Plan for Technological Innovation in Rural Revitalization of Guangdong Province, proposing that by 2020, innovation-driven rural revitalization and development will make significant progress, and the institutional framework and policy system for supporting rural revitalization by science and technology will basically take shape.

　　In Dongguan, rural science and technology commissioners are active in Tiantou, and are stirring up the beam of science and technology to support rural revitalization. The relevant person in charge of Dongguan Agricultural and Rural Bureau said: "These ‘ Soil expert ’ And ‘ Tian Xiucai ’ Introducing science and technology into Tiantou and using demonstration projects to drive development have laid a good foundation for rural revitalization and building beautiful countryside. "

　　The rural science and technology Commissioner came and the new technology went to the countryside. Just as factories need "chief engineers", rural areas also need "think tanks". With the outflow of rural labor force, the aging of rural resident population, the scarcity of agricultural labor force and the backwardness of agricultural technology have become the shortcomings that restrict rural development. Rural science and technology commissioners introduced agricultural science and technology, talents and management mechanisms into Tiantou to solve many pain points and difficulties faced by current agricultural development.

　　Member of the project team of "Integration, Popularization and Application of Labor-saving Cultivation Techniques of Litchi", serving as a science and technology correspondent. Faced with the bottleneck problems that restrict the development of litchi industry, such as tall litchi trees, closed orchards, labor-intensive management fees, and increasing labor and agricultural materials costs, science and technology commissioners carried out research and popularization and application of labor-saving cultivation techniques for litchi, which brought about obvious improvement in production efficiency, saved the average yield per mu of litchi planting from 500 yuan to 1,500 yuan, and increased the income per mu from 300 yuan to 500 yuan.

　　The rural science and technology correspondent came and the new project fell to the ground. Increasing farmers’ income and getting rich, improving agricultural development and improving rural appearance are all inseparable from the support of industrial projects. The development of the industry is inseparable from the leading role and demonstration. Dongguan rural science and technology commissioners implement the project responsibility system, and the project team establishes various cooperation modes such as "science and technology commissioners+enterprises+demonstration bases" and "science and technology commissioners+farmers+demonstration bases" to closely bind scattered farmers, cooperatives and enterprises together. All kinds of new agricultural technologies and varieties have been popularized with half the effort.

　　The project team of "Collection, Evaluation and Utilization of Germplasm Resources of Cymbidium hybridum" in Dongguan screened out six varieties with good ornamental value, strong heat resistance and high flowering rate, established two demonstration cultivation bases, received more than 8,000 study visits, trained more than 1,000 people, trained and guided more than 50 enterprises, held one orchid exhibition, welcomed more than 20,000 visitors and promoted more than 5 million Cymbidium seedlings. … All kinds of data show that with the leader, agricultural development can make a good start.

　　The rural science and technology correspondent came, and the new concept blossomed. Dongguan’s agriculture is different from other areas, and the farmland is precious. How to make the least land play the maximum benefit? Focusing on the construction of beautiful countryside and the strategy of rural revitalization and development, and focusing on the future development opportunities in rural areas, rural science and technology commissioners have made new ideas such as urban agriculture and regional advantageous industries take root in rural areas.

　　Grapes have not been planted in Dongguan since ancient times, but grapes are the best products for leisure picking in urban agriculture. After a long period of tackling key problems, the rural science and technology commissioners introduced grapes to Dongguan, and established 11 grape demonstration bases in Dongguan, with a total area of 500 mu and a radiation promotion of 3,000 mu, making the grapes harvested twice a year into an advantageous and characteristic industry in Dongguan. Another example is that lotus rot occurred in Lianhu Lake at Qiaotou, and special science and technology commissioners were stationed to serve the production site of Lianhu Lake for dozens of times every year, which finally formed the "Technical Regulations for Ecological Prevention and Control of Lotus Rot". Last year, Lotus in Lianhu achieved two blooms, and the Lotus Culture and Art Festival attracted tourists from all directions.

　　The rural science and technology correspondent came down alone, but attracted a group of people, activated an industry and brought a batch of bumper harvests. At present, Dongguan has entered the fast lane of rural revitalization. Under the leadership of rural science and technology commissioners, I believe that in the near future, the villages in Dongguan will be richer, more beautiful and stronger!

　　Recently, the Ministry of Education launched the verification of employment data in colleges and universities in 2023. Although this work is carried out almost every year, this year’s action is obviously much bigger. A few days ago, the Ministry of Education issued a special notice on the verification of employment data of college graduates in 2023, convened a verification deployment meeting of provincial education departments for mobilization, and sent several working groups to carry out special verification in various provinces. The working group went deep into universities and departments by going straight to the topic and going straight to the front line, and adopted data verification, spot checks and on-site interviews, with the aim of strictly checking the fraud of employment data.

　　Recently, the falsification of employment data in some colleges and universities has aroused widespread concern, which constitutes the social background of this round of verification. At the same time, the Ministry of Education attaches great importance to the authenticity of employment data and has profound internal logic. Employment data is a yardstick to measure the running of higher education, which directly affects the enrollment, specialty setting, the formulation of teaching and training programs, the evaluation of teaching level, etc. It is very important for colleges and universities.

　　At the same time, the employment rate is also a key indicator of social and economic development. "Employment is the greatest livelihood". College graduates with higher employment data will increase the employment rate of the whole society, and vice versa. Therefore, the employment data and accuracy of college graduates are particularly important.

　　However, regarding this work, one of the major contradictions is that the employment rate does not depend entirely on the universities themselves, but also on the macro-economy, even more on the macro-economy. From the perspective of the job market, college students are completely new laborers, lacking practical experience and resources, and need a long adaptation period. When the business expands, business units are willing to recruit college graduates and spend resources on training. However, once the business unit faces the economic contraction period, the contradiction will be highlighted. At present, the employment situation is: there are limited places in the system for public examinations and supernumerary recruitment, so it is impossible to have a large-scale growth. As the main force to provide jobs, private enterprises are generally in the transitional stage in the early stage of recovery, and there is no strong ability to absorb employment.

　　At the micro level of graduates, there are also many factors that restrict the promotion of employment rate. During the period when the education authorities count the employment rate, a considerable proportion of students have not yet "landed". At present, many college graduates will take the public examination, compile the examination and take the postgraduate entrance examination. If they don’t succeed in the examination, a considerable number of graduates will choose World War II, World War III and even "mobile warfare". According to the latest policy, college graduates during the COVID-19 epidemic can keep their status as freshmen for two years, so that they can take the public examination. Many students would rather not be employed for this status this year. Employers are also very strong, and often take the form of "trial" and "internship" to inspect graduates, and then decide whether to sign a contract after two or three months. In the absence of bargaining power, some graduates can successfully sign contracts, while others become "free labor". This time period just missed the time node counted by the education authorities. In addition, there are also some graduates with better family conditions who will choose the way of "gap" for one year, experience life everywhere, and are not in a hurry to get employment.

　　In this situation, the employment work of colleges and universities is really under great pressure. Sometimes, in order to make a job, some wrong means will be taken to "do" the data. For example, the "four prohibitions" and "three prohibitions" mentioned in the documents of the Ministry of Education are typical. Employment rate data is very important, and its accuracy is related to the running of higher education. On the one hand, it is really necessary for relevant departments to verify the data, and on the other hand, they can take actions to help colleges and universities facing difficulties improve their employment situation.

　　Choosing a university means choosing a life experience, and the employment direction after graduation, which will affect the long-term life path. Therefore, all parties should uphold the concept of long-term ism when dealing with the employment problem. Colleges and universities should pay more attention to students’ career planning courses. However, at present, the teaching time of this course is more, and the time for visiting and communicating with employers is less, so it is difficult for students to have a clear perceptual understanding of employment. The employment rate we are counting now is counted once in August and once in December of that year. But the situation in the real job market is that many college graduates will not be able to determine their final destination until a year later. In the face of statistical time nodes, schools often urge students to sign an employment destination casually, and students’ subsequent development is often neglected. Therefore, the real employment situation should be observed over a long period of time. The employment situation after one year, the success situation after 10 years, and the matching degree of employment majors are all more telling than simple employment rate statistics.

　　(The author is the head of the journalism department of zhejiang university city college)

　　Li Xiaopeng Source: China Youth Daily

Notice on printing and distributing the operation guide for the cooperation mode of government and social capital (for Trial Implementation)
Caijin [2014] No.113

The finance departments (bureaus) of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities under separate state planning, and the Finance Bureau of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps:

According to the Notice of the Ministry of Finance on Issues Related to Popularizing and Applying the Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (No.76 [2014] of the Ministry of Finance), in order to ensure the implementation quality of cooperation projects between government and social capital, and standardize the operation procedures of each link of project identification, preparation, procurement, implementation and handover, the Operation Guide for Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (for Trial Implementation) is hereby issued, please follow it.

Attachment: Operation Guide for Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (Trial)

the Ministry of Finance
November 29th, 2014

Attachment:

Guide to the operation of cooperation mode between government and social capital
(Trial)

Chapter I General Provisions

the first In order to popularize and apply the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) scientifically and normatively, According to the Budget Law of the People’s Republic of China, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government Procurement Law, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Contract Law, the State Council’s Opinions on Strengthening the Management of Local Government Debt (Guo Fa [2014] No.43), the State Council’s Decision on Deepening the Reform of Budget Management System (Guo Fa [2014] No.45) and the Notice of the Ministry of Finance on Promoting and Applying the Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (Cai

the second The term "social capital" as mentioned in this Guide refers to domestic and foreign enterprise legal persons who have established a modern enterprise system, but does not include financing platform companies owned by the government at the same level and other holding state-owned enterprises.

Article This guide is applicable to regulate the activities of the government, social capital and other participants in the identification, preparation, procurement, implementation and handover of cooperation projects between the government and social capital.

Article 4 The financial department should adhere to the basic principles of the socialist market economy, strengthen coordination with relevant government departments in the spirit of system innovation and cooperative contract, actively play the role of third-party professional institutions, and comprehensively coordinate the cooperative management of government and social capital.

The financial departments of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, cities under separate state planning and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps should actively set up government and social capital cooperation centers or designate specialized agencies to perform the duties of planning guidance, financing support, identification and evaluation, consulting services, publicity and training, performance evaluation, information statistics, expert database and project library construction.

Article 5 All participants should follow the principles of fairness, justice, openness, honesty and credibility, and implement government and social capital cooperation projects in a legal, standardized and efficient manner.

Chapter II Project Identification

Article 6 Infrastructure and public service projects with large investment scale, long-term stable demand, flexible price adjustment mechanism and high degree of marketization are suitable for government and social capital cooperation mode.

Government and social capital cooperation projects are initiated by the government or social capital, mainly by the government.

(1) initiated by the government.

The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) should be responsible for collecting potential government and social capital cooperation projects from the competent departments of transportation, housing construction, environmental protection, energy, education, medical care, physical fitness and cultural facilities. The competent department of industry can select potential projects from the new construction, reconstruction projects or stock public assets in the national economic and social development planning and industry special planning.

(2) Initiation of social capital.

Social capital should recommend potential government and social capital cooperation projects to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) in the form of project proposal.

Article 7 The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall, jointly with the industry authorities, evaluate and screen potential government and social capital cooperation projects and determine alternative projects. The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall formulate the annual and medium-term development plan of the project according to the screening results.

For the projects included in the annual development plan, the project sponsor shall submit relevant materials according to the requirements of the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center). The feasibility study report, project output description and preliminary implementation plan shall be submitted for new construction and reconstruction projects; The stock project shall submit the historical data, project output description and preliminary implementation plan of the stock public assets.

Article 8 The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) will carry out value-for-money evaluation from both qualitative and quantitative aspects in conjunction with the competent departments of the industry. Quantitative evaluation work is carried out by all localities according to the actual situation.

Qualitative evaluation focuses on whether the cooperation mode of government and social capital can increase supply, optimize risk distribution, improve operational efficiency, promote innovation and fair competition compared with the traditional government procurement mode.

Quantitative evaluation mainly compares the present value of government expenditure cost with the comparative value of public sector in the whole life cycle of government and social capital cooperation projects, calculates the value for money of the projects, and judges whether the cooperation mode of government and social capital reduces the whole life cycle cost of the projects.

Article 9 In order to ensure the long-term financial sustainability, the financial department should demonstrate the financial affordability of some projects paid or subsidized by the government according to the financial expenditure, government debt and other factors in the whole life cycle of the project, and the annual financial expenditure such as government payment or government subsidy should not exceed a certain proportion of the current fiscal revenue.

Projects that pass the value-for-money evaluation and financial affordability demonstration can be prepared.

Chapter III Project Preparation

Article 10 Local people’s governments at or above the county level may establish a special coordination mechanism, which is mainly responsible for project evaluation, organization and coordination, inspection and supervision, etc., so as to simplify the examination and approval process and improve work efficiency. The government or its designated relevant functional departments or institutions can be used as project implementation agencies, responsible for project preparation, procurement, supervision and handover.

Article 11 The project implementation agency shall organize the preparation of the project implementation plan, and introduce the following contents in turn:

(1) Overview of the project.

The general situation of the project mainly includes the basic situation, economic and technical indicators and the equity of the project company.

The basic situation mainly defines the contents of public products and services provided by the project, the necessity and feasibility of the project operating in the mode of cooperation between government and social capital, and the objectives and significance of the project operation.

Economic and technical indicators mainly define the project location, area, construction content or asset scope, investment scale or asset value, main output description and source of funds.

The equity of the project company mainly clarifies whether to set up the project company and the company’s equity structure.

(2) Basic framework of risk allocation.

According to the principles of risk allocation optimization, risk-return equivalence and risk control, the project risk is reasonably distributed between the government and social capital by comprehensively considering factors such as government risk management ability, project return mechanism and market risk management ability.

In principle, commercial risks such as project design, construction, finance, operation and maintenance are borne by social capital, risks such as laws, policies and minimum demand are borne by the government, and risks such as force majeure are reasonably shared by the government and social capital.

(3) Project operation mode.

Project operation modes mainly include entrusted operation, contract management, construction-operation-handover, construction-ownership-operation, transfer-operation-handover and reconstruction-operation-handover.

The choice of specific operation mode is mainly determined by the charging pricing mechanism, the level of project investment income, the basic framework of risk allocation, financing demand, reconstruction and expansion demand and expiration disposal.

(4) the transaction structure.

The transaction structure mainly includes the project investment and financing structure, return mechanism and related supporting arrangements.

The investment and financing structure of the project mainly explains the source, nature and purpose of the capital expenditure of the project, the formation and transfer of the project assets, etc.

The project return mechanism mainly explains the source of funds for social capital to obtain investment return, including payment methods such as user payment, feasibility gap subsidy and government payment.

Relevant supporting arrangements mainly explain the supporting facilities such as land, water, electricity, gas and roads provided by relevant institutions outside the project and the upstream and downstream services required by the project.

(5) Contract system.

The contract system mainly includes project contract, shareholder contract, financing contract, project contract, operation service contract, raw material supply contract, product purchase contract and insurance contract. The project contract is the core legal document.

The project boundary conditions are the core content of the project contract, mainly including the boundaries of rights and obligations, transaction conditions, performance guarantee and adjustment and convergence.

The boundary of rights and obligations mainly defines the ownership of project assets, the public responsibility assumed by social capital, the way of government payment and the result of risk distribution.

The boundary of trading conditions mainly defines the project contract term, project return mechanism, charging pricing adjustment mechanism and output description.

The boundary of performance guarantee mainly defines the compulsory insurance scheme and the performance guarantee system consisting of investment competition guarantee, construction performance guarantee, operation and maintenance guarantee and handover maintenance guarantee.

The adjustment of the convergence boundary mainly defines the response measures such as emergency handling, temporary takeover and early termination, contract change, contract extension, and the demand for new expansion and expansion of the project.

(6) Regulatory framework.

The supervision structure mainly includes authorization relationship and supervision mode. The authorization relationship mainly refers to the government’s authorization to the project implementation agency and the government’s authorization to social capital directly or through the project implementation agency; Supervision methods mainly include performance management, administrative supervision and public supervision.

(7) Selection of procurement methods.

Project procurement shall be carried out in accordance with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Municipal Government Procurement Law and relevant rules and regulations, and the procurement methods include public bidding, competitive negotiation, invited bidding, competitive negotiation and single-source procurement. Project implementation agencies should choose appropriate procurement methods according to the characteristics of project procurement needs.

Open bidding is mainly applicable to projects with clear and complete core boundary conditions and technical and economic parameters, which are in line with national laws and regulations and government procurement policies and will not be changed in procurement.

Article 12 The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall verify the value for money and financial affordability of the project implementation plan, and if it passes the verification, the project implementation agency shall report it to the government for review; If it fails to pass the verification, it can be re-verified after the implementation plan is adjusted; If it still fails to pass the re-verification, the cooperation mode of government and social capital will no longer be adopted.

Chapter IV Project Procurement

Article 13 Project implementation agencies should prepare pre-qualification documents according to the needs of the project, issue a pre-qualification announcement, invite social capital and financial institutions cooperating with them to participate in the pre-qualification, verify whether the project can obtain social capital response and achieve full competition, and submit the pre-qualification review report to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) for the record.

If there are more than three social capitals in the project that have passed the prequalification, the project implementation agency may continue to carry out the preparation of procurement documents; If there are less than three social capitals that have passed the prequalification, the project implementation agency shall reorganize the prequalification after the implementation plan is adjusted; If the social capital of the project is still not enough after re-prequalification, the procurement method selected by the implementation plan can be adjusted according to law.

Article 14 The pre-qualification announcement shall be published in the media designated by the financial department of the people’s government at or above the provincial level. If the pre-qualified social capital changes its qualification before signing the project contract, it shall promptly notify the project implementation agency.

The prequalification announcement shall include the authorized subject of the project, the project implementing agency and the project name, the procurement demand, the qualification requirements for social capital, whether the consortium is allowed to participate in procurement activities, the number and determination method of qualified social capital to be determined, and the time and place for social capital to submit the prequalification application documents. The time for submitting pre-qualification application documents shall not be less than 15 working days from the date of announcement.

Article 15 Project procurement documents shall include procurement invitation, instructions to competitors (including sealing, signing and stamping requirements, etc.), qualification, credit standing and performance certification documents that competitors should provide, procurement method, government authorization to project implementation agencies, approval of implementation plan and project-related approval documents, procurement procedures, requirements for preparation of response documents, deadline for submitting response documents, opening time and place, amount and form of compulsory guarantee deposit payment, evaluation method, evaluation standard and government procurement policy.

In case of competitive negotiation or competitive negotiation procurement, the project procurement documents shall specify the contents that may be substantially changed by the evaluation team according to the negotiation with social capital, including the technical and service requirements in the procurement requirements and the terms of the draft contract, in addition to the contents specified in the preceding paragraph.

Article 16 The review team consists of more than 5 representatives of project implementation agencies and review experts, of which the number of review experts shall not be less than 2/3 of the total number of review team members. Evaluation experts can be selected by the project implementation agency, but the evaluation experts should include at least one financial expert and one legal expert. The representative of the project implementation agency shall not participate in the project review as an expert.

Article 17 If the project adopts public bidding, invitation bidding, competitive negotiation and single-source procurement, it shall be implemented in accordance with government procurement laws, regulations and relevant regulations.

If the project is purchased by competitive negotiation, it shall be conducted in accordance with the following basic procedures:

(a) procurement announcement and registration.

The announcement of competitive consultation shall be published in the media designated by the financial department of the people’s government at or above the provincial level. The announcement of competitive consultation shall include the project implementing agency and project name, project structure and core boundary conditions, whether social capital that has not been prequalified is allowed to participate in procurement activities, as well as the review principle, project output description, requirements for response documents provided by social capital, time, place and method of obtaining procurement documents, price of procurement documents, deadline for submitting response documents, opening time and place. The time for submitting response documents shall not be less than 10 days from the date of announcement.

(two) qualification examination and procurement documents for sale.

If the qualification has been pre-qualified, the review team will no longer review the social capital qualification at the review stage. If the post-qualification review is allowed, the review team will review the qualifications of social capital in the review of response documents. The project implementation agency may, depending on the specific circumstances of the project, organize the inspection and verification of the qualifications of qualified social capital.

The selling price of procurement documents shall be determined in accordance with the principle of making up the printing cost of procurement documents, and shall not be for profit, and shall not be based on the purchase amount of the project. The sale period of procurement documents shall not be less than 5 working days from the date of commencement.

(3) Clarification or modification of procurement documents.

Before the deadline for submitting the first response document, the project implementation agency may make necessary clarifications or modifications to the issued procurement documents, and the contents of clarification or modification shall be regarded as an integral part of the procurement documents. If the clarification or modification may affect the preparation of the response document, the project implementation agency shall notify all social capital that have obtained the procurement document in writing at least 5 days before the deadline for submitting the first response document; Less than 5 days, the project implementation agency shall postpone the deadline for submission of response documents.

(4) Response document review.

The project implementation agency shall organize the receipt and opening of response documents in accordance with the provisions of the procurement documents.

The review team will review the response documents in two stages:

The first stage: determine the final purchase demand plan. The review team can negotiate with social capital for several rounds. During the negotiation, the technical and service requirements of the procurement documents and the terms of the draft contract can be substantially revised, but the non-negotiable core conditions stipulated in the procurement documents can not be revised. The content of substantive changes must be confirmed by the project implementation agency and notified to all social capital participating in the negotiation. The specific procedures shall be implemented in accordance with the Measures for the Administration of Non-tendering Methods of Government Procurement and relevant regulations.

The second stage: comprehensive score. After the final procurement demand plan is determined, the review team will comprehensively score the final response documents submitted by social capital, prepare the review report and submit the ranking list of candidate social capital to the project implementation agency. The specific procedures shall be implemented in accordance with the Measures for the Administration of Bidding for Government Procurement of Goods and Services and relevant regulations.

Article 18 The project implementing agency shall, in the pre-qualification announcement, procurement announcement, procurement documents and procurement contracts, specify the preferential measures and scope for domestic social capital, the requirements for foreign social capital to purchase goods and services produced in China and other relevant government procurement policies, as well as the mandatory guarantee requirements for social capital to participate in procurement activities and performance guarantee. Social capital should pay the deposit in non-cash forms such as checks, bills of exchange, promissory notes or letters of guarantee issued by financial institutions and guarantee institutions. The amount of the deposit for participating in procurement activities shall not exceed 2% of the project budget. The amount of performance bond shall not exceed 10% of the total initial investment or asset evaluation value of government and social capital cooperation projects. For service cooperation projects with no fixed assets investment or small investment, the amount of performance bond shall not exceed the average service income of 6 months.

Article 19 The project implementation agency shall organize social capital to conduct on-site inspection or hold a question-and-answer meeting before purchasing, but it shall not organize on-site inspection and question-and-answer meeting with only one social capital alone or separately.

Article 20 The project implementation agency shall set up a special negotiation working group to confirm the procurement results. According to the ranking of the candidate social capitals, the candidate social capitals and the financial institutions that cooperate with them shall negotiate the confirmation of the variable details in the contract before signing, and the winner shall be the first to reach an agreement. Confirm that the negotiation shall not involve the non-negotiable core clauses in the contract, and shall not renegotiate with the social capital ranked first but whose negotiation has been terminated.

Article 21 After the confirmation negotiation is completed, the project implementation agency shall sign a confirmation negotiation memorandum with the selected social capital, and publicize the procurement results and the contract text drawn up according to the procurement documents, response documents, addendum documents and confirmation negotiation memorandum. The publicity period shall not be less than 5 working days. The contract text should take the important commitments and technical documents in the successful social capital response document as annexes. The contents involving state secrets and commercial secrets in the contract text may not be publicized.

After the expiration of the publicity period, the project contract without objection shall be signed by the project implementation agency and the selected social capital after the approval of the government.

If it is necessary to set up a special project company for the project, after the establishment of the project company, the project company and the project implementation agency will re-sign the project contract or sign a supplementary contract to inherit the project contract.

The project implementation agency shall, within 2 working days from the date of signing the project contract, announce the project contract in the media designated by the financial department of the people’s government at or above the provincial level, except for the contents involving state secrets and commercial secrets in the contract.

Article 22 The financial departments of the people’s governments at all levels shall strengthen the supervision and inspection of the procurement activities of PPP projects, and deal with the illegal acts in the procurement activities in a timely manner.

Chapter V Project Implementation

Article 23 Social capital can set up project companies according to law. The government may designate relevant institutions to participate in the project company according to law. Project implementation agencies and financial departments (government and social capital cooperation center) should supervise social capital to set up the project company in full and on time in accordance with the procurement documents and project contracts.

Article 24 Project financing is the responsibility of social capital or project company. Social capital or project companies should promptly carry out financing scheme design, institutional contact, contract signing and financing delivery. Financial departments (government and social capital cooperation center) and project implementation agencies should do a good job in supervision and management to prevent corporate debts from being transferred to the government.

If the social capital or the project company fails to complete the financing as agreed in the project contract, the government may withdraw the performance bond until the project contract is terminated; In case of systemic financial risks or force majeure, the government, social capital or the project company may revise the relevant financing clauses in the contract through consultation according to the project contract.

When the project has major operational or financial risks, which threaten or infringe the interests of creditors, creditors can request social capital or project company to improve management according to the direct intervention agreement or terms signed with the government, social capital or project company. Within the time limit stipulated in the direct intervention agreement or terms, if the major risk has been lifted, the creditor shall stop intervening.

Article 25 The government payment obligations involved in the project contract shall be considered by the financial department in combination with the medium and long-term financial planning, incorporated into the government budget at the same level, and implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of budget management. The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) and the project implementation agency shall establish a government payment ledger for government and social capital cooperation projects, and strictly control the government financial risks. After the establishment of the government’s comprehensive financial reporting system, the government’s payment obligations in the cooperation projects between the government and social capital should be included in the government’s comprehensive financial reporting.

Article 26 The project implementation agency shall, according to the project contract, supervise the social capital or the project company to fulfill its contractual obligations, regularly monitor the project output performance indicators, prepare quarterly and annual reports, and report them to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) for the record.

If the government has the obligation to pay, the project implementing agency shall, according to the output description agreed in the project contract and actual performance, directly or notify the financial department to pay the social capital or the project company in full and on time. If an excess income sharing mechanism is set up, social capital or the project company shall pay the excess income to the government in full and on time according to the project contract.

If the actual performance of the project is better than the agreed standard, the project implementing agency shall implement the incentive clauses agreed in the project contract, which can be used as the basis for whether the contract can be extended at the expiration of the project; If it fails to meet the agreed standards, the project implementation agency shall implement the punishment clauses or relief measures agreed in the project contract.

Article 27 If social capital or the project company violates the project contract, threatening the sustained, stable and safe supply of public goods and services, or endangering national security and major public interests, the government has the right to temporarily take over the project until the early termination procedure of the project is started.

The government may designate qualified institutions to implement temporary takeover. All expenses arising from the temporary takeover of the project will be borne by the defaulting party alone or shared by the responsible parties according to the project contract. Social capital or the temporary takeover expenses that the project company should bear can be deducted from its due termination compensation.

Article 28 In the process of project contract execution and management, project implementing agencies should focus on contract revision, liability for breach of contract and dispute resolution.

(1) Revision of the contract.

According to the conditions and procedures agreed in the project contract, the project implementing agency and social capital or the project company can apply for revising the project contract according to the changes in the social and economic environment, the demand and structure of public goods and services, and implement it after being examined and approved by the government.

(2) Liability for breach of contract.

If the project implementing agency, social capital or project company fails to fulfill the obligations stipulated in the project contract, they shall bear the corresponding liabilities for breach of contract, including stopping the infringement, eliminating the impact, paying liquidated damages, compensating the losses and dissolving the project contract.

(3) Dispute settlement.

In the process of project implementation, according to the project contract, the project implementation agency, social capital or project company may apply for arbitration or bring a civil lawsuit in accordance with the law on matters that are controversial and cannot be reached through consultation.

Article 29 The project implementation agency shall conduct a mid-term evaluation of the project every 3-5 years, focusing on the analysis of the project operation status and the compliance, adaptability and rationality of the project contract; Timely assess the risks of problems found, formulate countermeasures, and report to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) for the record.

Article 30 Relevant functional departments of the government should perform administrative supervision duties on the project according to relevant national laws and regulations, focusing on the quality of public products and services, price and charging mechanism, safe production, environmental protection and workers’ rights and interests.

If the social capital or the project company refuses to accept the administrative supervision decision of the government functional departments, it may apply for administrative reconsideration or bring an administrative lawsuit according to law.

Article 31 The government, social capital or project company should publicly disclose the relevant information of the project according to law, protect the public’s right to know and accept social supervision.

Social capital or project company shall disclose the quantity and quality of project output, project operation status and other information. The government should disclose the contract terms, performance monitoring reports, mid-term evaluation reports and major changes or terminations of government and social capital cooperation projects that do not involve state secrets or commercial secrets.

If the public and project stakeholders find that the project is illegal or in breach of contract, or the public products and services are not up to standard, they can submit it to the government functional departments for supervision and inspection.

Chapter VI Project Handover

Article 32 When the project is handed over, the project implementing agency or other agencies designated by the government will recover the project assets agreed in the project contract on behalf of the government.

The project contract should clearly stipulate the transfer form, compensation method, transfer content and transfer standard. Handover forms include termination of handover upon expiration and termination of handover in advance; Compensation methods include free transfer and paid transfer; The transfer contents include project assets, personnel, documents and intellectual property rights; Handover standards include indicators such as equipment integrity rate and minimum serviceable life.

If paid transfer is adopted, the compensation scheme shall be clearly stipulated in the project contract; If there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, the project implementation agency shall draw up a compensation plan in accordance with the principle of "restoring the same economic status" and report it to the government for approval before implementation.

Article 33 The project implementation agency or other agencies designated by the government shall set up a project handover working group, confirm the handover situation and compensation method with social capital or project company according to the project contract, and formulate an asset evaluation and performance test plan.

The project transfer working group shall entrust an asset appraisal institution with relevant qualifications to conduct asset appraisal on the transferred assets according to the appraisal method agreed in the project contract as the basis for determining the compensation amount.

The project handover working group shall conduct performance tests on the handed-over assets in strict accordance with the performance test scheme and handover standards. If the performance test results are not up to standard, the handover working group shall require social capital or project company to carry out recovery repair, update and reset or withdraw the handover maintenance guarantee.

Article 34 Social capital or project company shall hand over the project assets, intellectual property rights and technical legal documents that meet the performance test requirements, together with the list of assets, to the project implementation agency or other institutions designated by the government, and complete the legal transfer and management transfer procedures. Social capital or project company should cooperate with the smooth transition of project operation.

Article 35 After the handover of the project is completed, the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall organize relevant departments to evaluate the performance of the project output, cost-effectiveness, regulatory effectiveness, sustainability, application of government and social capital cooperation mode, and disclose the evaluation results according to relevant regulations. The evaluation results can be used as a reference for the government to carry out the cooperative management of government and social capital.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Article 36 This operation guide shall come into force as of the date of issuance and shall be valid for 3 years.

Article 37 The Ministry of Finance shall be responsible for the interpretation of this operation guide.

Attachment: 1. Operation Flow Chart of Government and Social Capital Cooperation Project

2. Noun explanation

Attachment 1

Operation flow chart of government and social capital cooperation project

Attachment 2

Noun interpretation

1. Whole Life Cycle refers to the complete cycle of a project from design, financing, construction, operation, maintenance to termination of handover.

2. Output Specification refers to the economic and technical standards that the project assets should meet after the completion of the project, as well as the delivery scope, standards and performance levels of public goods and services.

3. Value for Money, VFM) refers to the long-term maximum benefits that an organization can obtain by using its available resources. VFM evaluation is a widely used evaluation system in the world to evaluate whether the public goods and services traditionally provided by the government can use the cooperation model of government and social capital, aiming at optimizing the efficiency of public resources allocation and utilization.

4. Public Sector Comparator, PSC) refers to the present value of the total cost of public goods and services provided by the government in the traditional procurement mode during the whole life cycle, which mainly includes the net cost of construction and operation, transferable risk bearing cost, retained risk bearing cost and competitive neutral adjustment cost.

5. User Charge refers to the direct purchase of public goods and services by the final consumer.

6. Viability Gap Funding refers to the economic subsidies given to social capital or project company by the government in the form of financial subsidies, equity investment, preferential loans and other preferential policies, because the fees paid by users are not enough to meet the cost recovery and reasonable return of social capital or project company.

7. Government Payment refers to the direct purchase of public goods and services by the government, which mainly includes Availability Payment, Usage Payment and Performance Payment.

The basis of government payment is mainly the availability of facilities, the usage and quality of products and services.

8. Operations & Maintenance (O&M) refers to the operation mode of government-social capital cooperation projects in which the government entrusts the operation and maintenance of public assets in stock to social capital or project companies, and social capital or project companies are not responsible for user services. The government retains the ownership of assets and only pays the entrusted operation fee to social capital or project company. The term of the contract generally does not exceed 8 years.

9. Management Contract (MC) refers to the project operation mode in which the government entrusts the operation, maintenance and user service of public assets in stock to social capital or project company. The government retains the ownership of assets and only pays management fees to social capital or project companies. Management contracts are usually used as a transitional mode of transfer-operation-transfer, and the contract period is generally not more than 3 years.

10. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) refers to the project operation mode in which social capital or project company undertakes the responsibilities of design, financing, construction, operation, maintenance and user service of new projects, and the project assets and related rights are handed over to the government after the contract expires. The contract term is generally 20-30 years.

11. Build-Own-Operate (BOO) evolved from BOT mode. The main difference between the two modes is that social capital or the project company owns the project ownership under BOO mode, but the contract must specify the constraint clauses to ensure public welfare, which generally does not involve the handover of the project upon expiration.

12. Transfer-Operate-Transfer (TOT) refers to the project operation mode in which the government transfers the ownership of existing assets to social capital or project company for compensation, which is responsible for operation, maintenance and user service, and the assets and their ownership are handed over to the government after the contract expires. The contract term is generally 20-30 years.

13. Rebuild-operate-transfer (ROT) refers to the project operation mode in which the government adds renovation and expansion contents on the basis of TOT mode. The contract term is generally 20-30 years.