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Editor’s note: Work is a big part of our life. Not only does it take up the bulk of adult life in time, but the office is also the place that most people are familiar with and spend the most time. The most common office layout now is the traditional cubicle, and the employees are relatively isolated; And the open-plan office, everyone is in the same big space. Although the traditional cubicle is boring, the interference of open office is often criticized. So, how to design an office to meet the needs of employees for independent space and cooperative atmosphere at the same time? This paper puts forward two bold ideas of designers. This article is compiled from the original article entitled "I want to work in the future" by Fast Company.

It’s the last two or three hours before work, and colleagues are busy again. You still have work to finish, so you put on headphones to keep your concentration. But it’s no use. You can still see a colleague showing off what he has learned newly, or you can hear the voice of chatting. At this moment, you can’t help thinking, if only I could work in the cubicle.

Nowadays, the most popular office layout is the open office, and some people miss the traditional cubicle. The cubicle is really boring, but at least the work can be finished. If you were to design a new type of cubicle in the 21st century, what would you do?

So we put this question to Rapt design studio, where there are many experts in office space design. They put forward two concepts that are very uncomfortable, both of which can give employees private space so that they can concentrate on their work and have room for cooperation and discussion among colleagues. I have to say, both are extreme.

Rapt Studio’s designer’s vision is:Every employee can work in an independent private space when he needs it. The key point is that each independent cubicle has four short feet, and the cubicle is moved by small warehouse robots.According to the needs of team members, the robot will move the cubicle to the target position of the day. For example, if you are busy with a lot of work today, you can be assigned an independent cubicle to help you concentrate; If your schedule today is a one-day meeting, there is no need to use private space. Your cubicle can be split and merged with other cubicles to form a larger office space where colleagues sit together. Robots can move in real time, and office space planning can also be adjusted in real time.

Now, it seems like a fantasy, but Galereau, the design director and CEO of Rapt, thinks that the speed of technological progress is much faster than we thought, and maybe this idea was realized earlier than we thought. He said that Rapt Studio has already talked with interested customers about how to rearrange the office space to meet the changing needs of the team.The key is that the office should be empty enough so that it is convenient to move.Galereau believes that many offices like open-plan offices, which is the reason (of course, the cost of open-plan offices is lower than that of traditional offices). Many companies know that employees don’t like the feeling of privacy in open-plan offices, and they are not as flexible as they think. So,The design problem of office space lies in how to meet the two needs of privacy and flexibility at the same time."From an architectural point of view, how can we design the office to be flexible and meet everyone’s needs for independent space?" Galereau said.Robots can solve this problem. Robots driven by machine learning technology can continuously learn the needs of employees, and then make the best solution to maximize the overall efficiency of the office.

At work, employees are eager for private space and need a cooperative atmosphere. For such office needs, Rapt Studio put forward a second novel idea. “If we can create a non-toxic fog as a barrier between personal spaces, we can create a light-and sound-proof private space.What he and his team envisioned was to let the fog pervade the whole office space, and put a fan-like device in the corner where employees work to "blow open" a space. In this way, everyone works in an independent bubble in the foggy office without disturbing each other. Galereau called it a "privacy hole".

Everyone’s bubble moves with them, so that they can walk anywhere in the office without obstacles. If you want to meet and discuss with your colleagues, they just need to come to the appointed place, and the two bubbles will be integrated into one big bubble, and mutual communication will not affect others.

This concept sounds crazy at first glance, but the designers of Rapt Studio obviously want to completely forget the design concept of the existing office space. After all, for people who hate open-plan offices, fog is still attractive if they are disturbed by the voice of colleagues talking on the phone and have to choose between them.

The traditional cubicle has become a boring and rigid symbol in our concept, but these two ideas of Rapt Studio are very unique. Are you asking me if it’s practical? It may not be very practical. But the purpose of planning this activity is to make people realize that employees need both independent space and social space when they are working. For Gallero, the design of future office space needs both needs. "There are many ways to communicate between people. We are all eager to communicate with others … but what we need is more meaningful and quality communication and meaningful solitude time. " Galereau said.

Produced by the compilation team. Editor: Hao Pengcheng

The pictures of Xinhua Dictionary are provided by the Commercial Press.

The joyful scene when the students received Xinhua Dictionary. Image courtesy of the Commercial Press.

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　　[The editor said]

　　editorial comment/note

　　Xinhua Dictionary is the most influential modern Chinese dictionary in New China. Xinhua Dictionary has been compiled and published since 1950. It has been 70 years since it was published in the 12th edition.

　　As a small Chinese reference book, it provides the most useful information of word form, sound and meaning in a small space, which is deeply loved by readers and has become a mentor and friend for hundreds of millions of people to read and learn culture. During the National Day, Bright Reading was specially planned — — The special edition on the revision of Xinhua Dictionary and the cultural development of new China shows the new achievements of socialist construction and the country’s civilization and progress with a small dictionary through the personal stories of the revisers and users of Xinhua Dictionary.

　　Xinhua Dictionary is not only the most familiar and beloved language reference book for generations of people in New China, but also one of the most iconic cultural and educational products at the beginning of the founding of New China. The compilation of Xinhua Dictionary marks the arrival of a brand-new era of unprecedented educational development and cultural popularization in China’s 5,000-year history. The publication of the 12th edition is a full demonstration of the original intention of Xinhua Dictionary to inherit the tradition, keep pace with the times and serve the Chinese people in the new era.

New China’s iconic cultural products

　　The word "Xinhua" in "Xinhua Dictionary" truly reflects its similarity with the new China — — The close ties between New China. At the beginning of the founding of New China, everything needs to be done. The national economy should be restored, national education should be popularized, and the culture of cadres and masses should be improved. A useful, applicable and authoritative dictionary that can meet the basic needs of Chinese people in learning culture and reading and writing has become an urgent and long-term need of the country and society. A famous writer and educator, Mr. Ye Shengtao, then deputy director of the General Administration of Publication of the Central People’s Government and director of the Editorial Bureau, was anxious about the urgency of the country and thought of the people, and promptly initiated the establishment of Xinhua Dictionary Society in August 1950. It has been 70 years since then, thus starting the compilation of Xinhua Dictionary, and entrusted the famous linguist Mr. Wei Jiangong to preside over the compilation, and Mr. Ye personally took the position of dictionary examination and approval. Through the efforts of Qi Xin, the chief editor and editors, Xinhua Dictionary was officially published in December 1953. As soon as Xinhua Dictionary was published, it won the love of teachers, students and hundreds of millions of people because of its high quality, convenience and ease of use. It became a mentor, friend and even lifelong companion for the masses to read, read and learn culture, and soon became the most authoritative small-scale Chinese dictionary in the eyes of all walks of life. It was also repeatedly given to foreign leaders, overseas cultural and educational institutions or rural students’ families when visiting in China as a precious gift by national leaders. 2019 "Large-scale Achievement Exhibition to Celebrate the 70th Anniversary of the Founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC)"Xinhua Dictionary counter was set up, which was filled with various editions of Xinhua Dictionary published over the years, and established its status as a symbolic cultural product of New China.

　　In 1956, the state merged the Xinhua Dictionary Society into the Institute of Linguistics of China Academy of Sciences (now the Academy of Social Sciences). As a result, the compilation and revision of Xinhua Dictionary fell on the shoulders of the Institute of Linguistics, and the publishing task of the dictionary was also transferred to the Commercial Press, thus starting the cooperative relationship between the Institute of Linguistics and the Commercial Press in the compilation and publication of dictionaries for more than 60 years. Both sides worked together to maintain and continuously improve the academic quality and social influence of Xinhua Dictionary.

Lean, lean, keep pace with the times.

　　The life of dictionaries is being revised with the times. The periodical revision of dictionaries, on the one hand, is in response to the development and changes of the language itself brought about by the development and progress of the times, and on the other hand, it relies on the new achievements of academic research to continuously improve the quality of compilation, which is scientific, normative and practical, so that small dictionaries can keep improving, keep up with the times and never end, so that teachers, students and people from all walks of life can have an updated dictionary and a better dictionary in their hands and desks. Xinhua Dictionary has been revised and ushered in today’s 12th edition.

　　The revision of Xinhua Dictionary has always been a major event for the Institute of Linguistics. Every time it is revised, the institute mobilizes elite soldiers to ensure the quality of the revision. Many academic masters in history personally presided over the revision, forming the tradition that the master revised the small dictionary.

　　When each edition is released, it is also the beginning of the revision of the next edition. After the release of the 11th edition in 2011, two or three years later, we began to prepare for the revision of the 12th edition, and made preparations in all aspects, and officially started the revision in 2015. This revision is the first revision after entering a new era, and we attach great importance to it. In 2017, the original dictionary editing room was expanded into the Dictionary Compilation Research Center of China Academy of Social Sciences with the strong support of the hospital leaders. The Xinhua Dictionary editing room was specially set up below to strengthen the editing work of Xinhua Dictionary. Through extensive discussion, multiple surveys, special research, key research, individual division of labor, teamwork, listening to opinions, and repeated polishing, the revision team overcame difficulties at the special moment of the epidemic and completed the final sprint of editing and proofreading with colleagues from the Commercial Press. Finally, the twelfth edition of Xinhua Dictionary was launched on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of its compilation.

A newer dictionary, a better dictionary.

　　This revision puts forward higher requirements in terms of ideology. Comprehensive inspection, strict review of manuscripts, and further enhance the positive energy of dictionaries. In addition, this revision mainly improves the contents and styles of dictionaries in the following aspects.

　　(A) to further implement the national norms to meet the needs of teaching.

　　One of the key points in this revision is to further implement the national character specification. In addition to a comprehensive collection of 8,105 standardized Chinese characters in the List of General Standardized Chinese Characters published in 2013, several new standardized characters approved after 2013 — — Some new elements, such as "[see Figure 1] (ǐ) n ǐ" [see Figure 2] (ǐ) f ǐ "[see Figure 3] (ǐ) Li" [see Figure 4] Tiá nǐ”“[ see Figure 5] ao ",etc. At the same time, according to the needs of teaching, the Chinese characters that are not included in the List of Chinese Characters of General Specification, which is involved in the latest primary school Chinese textbook compiled by the Ministry of Education, are supplemented, such as "[see Figure 6 ]qū", "Yu Yu è" and "[see Figure 7] (ruí)". Thus, the full coverage of the Chinese characters in the General Standard Chinese Character List and the primary school Chinese textbook compiled by the Ministry of Education is realized.

　　From the 1953 edition of Xinhua Dictionary, 6840 words (including variant characters) were collected, and by the 12th edition, 13000 words were collected, which nearly doubled, including 9460 standardized prefixes.

　　(two) to guide the pronunciation and the use of Chinese characters.

　　Guide pronunciation norms by adding prefixes to contemporary pronunciation. For example, the word "kui" of "scarcity" supplements the first reading of "kui" in Zhang Zhongjing’s classic of traditional Chinese medicine "synopsis of the golden chamber" in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and in addition, it adds the prefix pronunciation of "horseshoe crab" to the common place name "horseshoe crab fish pond" in Hong Kong SAR. We made a special study on this word, and finally determined that the Cantonese word "horseshoe crab zé" is a more appropriate pronunciation.

　　Guide the use of Chinese characters by improving the interpretation language. For example, Shenyang’s "Shen" is regarded as a sunken "chén" in ancient books. It was previously said that "Shen" also has a pronunciation of "chén", "Shen chén is the same as ‘ Shen ’ Give people a misunderstanding that "Shen" can still be used as a sunken "Shen", and we write "Old Tong ‘ Shen ’ " Just added a word. After the whole batch of processing, it is more clear and standardized, that is, the word can be used as sunken "Shen" in the past. Today, we should not write "Shen" in Shenyang, which not only takes care of the demand for reference, but also highlights the standardization.

　　(C) add new words and new meanings to reflect contemporary language life

　　Within the capacity of small dictionaries, keep up with the times, analyze the realistic corpus, and add some new words and meanings that have been stabilized in recent years. According to the order of sound, for example, add "off the charts, Booming Red, Blogging Eye, Crowdfunding, Initial Heart, Punching in, Purchasing, Driving on behalf of the Driver, Endorsement, Receiving Payment, Like, Top Design, QR Code, Anti-corruption, Fans, Intangible Cultural Heritage, Craftsman Spirit, official website, Returnees, scalpers, Screenshots, Drunk Driving, Garbage Sorting, Support, Traffic, Naked. Some disyllabic words are quoted in square brackets under the words and given a brief explanation. For example, under "Chu", the following words are added: [Chu Xin] Initial wishes and beliefs: ~ Do not change | Do not forget ~; Some of them appear in the form of single-word examples, such as adding intangible cultural heritage under the prefix of "Fei" and adding online shopping under the meaning of "Buy". It has increased the atmosphere of our life now.

　　Add some words and expressions that are close to contemporary social life, such as the related new meanings added under the words "Ba, Bei, Chao, Chao, Dang, Gua, La, Meng, Pai, Spell, astringent and poisonous". For example, the meaning of "Meng" is added: immature and lovable: selling ~ (pretending to be cute to be lovable); This is a common word in modern times. [Charging] Adding figurative meaning: supplementing knowledge, improving skills, etc.: Only by constantly ~ can we keep up with the times.

　　According to the language facts and actual use, some definitions are improved and perfected, such as: [media] refers to the tools for disseminating information, such as newspapers, radio, television, Internet, etc.: network ~. It turns out that there is no Internet or online media in the 11th edition.

　　Combining academic research with field investigation, the entries involving geographical names were comprehensively revised. Some words have added the meaning of place names, such as "Zui": the popular word "Zui" (now mostly used for place names): Tsim Sha ~ (in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region). "Dang": the same as "Dang" (mostly used for place names), because this word is used in Macao: ~ Tsai (z? i) Island (in the Macao Special Administrative Region). Some have revised their definitions according to the changes of administrative divisions, such as "Heè ng": used for place names: Da ~ Shang (in Jizhou, Tianjin) (11th edition is "Jixian"), and now the 12th edition is written in Jizhou, Tianjin.

　　Other improvements include: illustrations pay attention to comprehensiveness and systematicness; Improve and perfect the "radical dictionary" to make it more convenient for readers to search words; Based on the actual needs of the contemporary era, the Comparison Table of New and Old Glyphs has been re-compiled, and according to the Usage of Punctuations (GB/T 15834— In 2011, the Summary of Usage of Common Punctuations was updated, and the List of Area, Population and Capital of Countries and Regions in the World, the Summary of Geological Years and the Periodic Table of Elements were updated according to new information.

　　In addition, thanks to the efforts of the Commercial Press, the 12th edition has been published synchronously for the first time. The market version has two-dimensional codes on all pages of the text, which can directly access the interface of "Xinhua Dictionary APP" through mobile phone code scanning and enjoy multimedia knowledge services.

　　As the editing unit of Xinhua Dictionary, we are well aware that this small dictionary bears the initial heart of the predecessors, the mission of the present and the hope of the future. We will, as always, make every revision with a high sense of responsibility for the country and the people, keep pace with the times and contribute the highest quality dictionaries, and live up to the word "Xinhua" in Xinhua Dictionary, so that it will last forever and enjoy a good reputation throughout China!

　　(Author: Liu Danqing, former director of the Institute of Linguistics of China Academy of Social Sciences, director of the revision of the 12th edition of Xinhua Dictionary)

Speaking language planning

Wen Miao Chen Zhangtai

one

The Nature and Significance of Language Planning

(A) the emergence of language planning

Language planning is a term of applied linguistics and also a social language. The terminology of linguistics is also called "language planning", "language engineering" and "language standardization". China’s pastUsually referred to as "language movement" and "text reform", it is often referred to as "language work" recently, and someIt is called "language standardization" and "Chinese modernization".

The actual existence of language planning has a long history, but as sociolinguistics and application, A branch of linguistics, or after the second world war. Its background is:

(1) After the end of World War II, colonial countries became independent one after another. When some countries were founded, they had to carry out an important task, that is, selecting, determining, popularizing standard languages, common languages or official languages, and formulating their norms and standards.

(2) With the rapid development of post-war politics, economy, culture, education and science and technology, it is necessary to standardize and manage language and its application.

(3) After World War II, a large number of immigrants flooded into western developed countries, resulting in extremely complicated social problems of multi-culture and multi-language, such as language problems in administration, education, religion and employment, which need to be properly solved. To solve these important and urgent social language problems, it is necessary to make a comprehensive and effective plan for the language of the country and the nation, which promotes the emergence of language planning.

(B) the meaning of language planning

What is language planning? There are various opinions. Howe, who first used this term in literature. According to E.Haugen, language planning is the identification of language. This is concise, but it’s not quiteClear. S.Fishman, the pioneer and founder of language planning, believes that language planningIt is to determine and describe the decision-making process of language, its seriousness and urgency, and it needs a clear understanding.Solution requires an action theory that can provide and identify alternative solutions to existing problems.On. The Encyclopedia of China Language Volume explains that language planning is "a country or a society"The collective name of all kinds of work carried out by groups in order to manage the language. " Because language planningIt involves many non-linguistic factors, so some scholars simply call language planning "about language"The official policy. " Looking at all kinds of views and considering the actual content of language planning, weIt is believed that the basic meaning of language planning is:In order to solve the problem of language communication in society, the government or social groupsProblems in the international, purposeful, planned and organized to language and its use.Intervention and management, so that language and writing can better serve the society.

Language planning is closely related to language policy and language legislation, so there are often People regard the three as one. The contents of the three have something in common, they are interrelated and have areas.Other relationships, among whichLanguage policy is the foundation, core and administrative behavior; Language legislation is language politics.The sublimation and guarantee of policy and language planning is a legal act; Language planning is an extension of language policy.And embodiment is the concrete implementation of language laws and regulations, and the theory of language planning can also be language politics.The formulation of policies and language laws and regulations provides theoretical basis. Language planning is not only a government act, but also a society.Behavior.Each country embarks from its own interests and reality, and based on the national and government’s understanding of language.This attitude, the formulation and implementation of a wide range of language policies, some countries on this basis to develop.Detailed and specific language planning, reflecting its language policy; Some countries also carry out language legislation, which willThe important content of language policy is summarized and affirmed in the form of law; The Importance of Language PlanningThe content is also absorbed by language legislation, and language planning should be based on and implemented by language laws and regulations.It is necessary to stipulate. For example, in contemporary China, it is early for the government to ensure the language equality of all ethnic groups and promote Putonghua.The policy that has been determined and consistently implemented seriously is an important part of language planning in the past 50 years.When the economist formulated the Constitution and the Law of the State on the Common Language, he affirmed these policies.Sublimate, and give affirmation and guarantee in the form of law, clearly stipulates: "All ethnic groups have it.And the freedom to develop their own spoken and written languages. ""The state promotes Putonghua, which is commonly used throughout the country. " PeopleThe Law on Ethnic Regional Autonomy, Compulsory Education Law and other laws also have relevant provisions. Language politics of the governmentPolicy and language planning and conscientiously implement the provisions of national laws in this regard, more detailed,The status, relationship, function and scope of use of national languages and Putonghua are specifically defined.Another example is that the government’s language policy shows that the promotion of Putonghua is to overcome language barriers and benefit the society.Language communication, not to eliminate dialects, dialects can not be artificially eliminated, in quiteFor a long time, it will also serve the residents of various dialect areas. "National Common Language Law" affirms thatThis policy also specifies the range of dialects that can be used. The government’s language policy also states that,The implementation of standardized Chinese characters is not to abolish traditional Chinese characters, and the National Common Language and Characters Law also affirms it.This policy clearly stipulates the scope of traditional Chinese characters. Language policy, in turn, mustIt is necessary to carry out and implement these provisions of the National Law on Common Languages. Language planning must be followedAccording to these provisions, reflect the relevant laws and policies of the state.

(C) the nature of language planning

From the basic meaning of language planning, we can summarize the nature and characteristics of language planning. this Is:

1. Language planning is mainly a government behavior, with social behavior.Formulation and implementation of planning Hosted and led by the government, or authorized by the government, social organizations and academic institutions are specifically responsible for the government’s transportation.Use its administrative power to promote it. Language planning needs the support of all sectors of society and the participation of the people.And, in order to succeed. Because it is hosted by the government and attended by the public, language planning toolsHave considerable authority and sociality. Language planning in most countries in the world has this feature.Quality. Language planning also has certain personal behaviors, mainly influential social celebrities, such as famous.Linguists, writers, educators, sociologists and famous politicians, social activists, etc., theyOr directly participate in and guide the formulation of language planning, or take advantage of their social influence to participate in language rules.Row activities. The former, such as the early 19th century, passed through knudsen, a Norwegian linguist. Knudsen) and Ivar Aasen’s efforts, the national language and the new Norwegian language were determined by the government.It is the official language. The latter, such as influential politicians and social activists in some countries, theirThe influence of speech and speech activities on language planning.

2. Language planning is a purposeful and planned systematic project.Its purpose is to Solve the problems in social language communication, improve and perfect the norms of language and characters, and give full play to language.The social function of speech. Language planning is not only a problem of language itself, but also a purely academic one.Work, which is closely related to the society, nationality, politics, economy, culture, education and science and technology, needsIt is necessary to comprehensively consider various factors and conditions, make careful plans and arrangements, and organize and coordinate all parties concerned.Face to work together, can be effectively implemented.

3. Language planning is a long-term social practice activity, which can’t be accomplished overnight. Only by persisting in work for a long time and actively and steadily carrying out social practice can we achieve practical results.From the selection, determination and popularization of standard language, common language and official language to the standardization and technique of language.The standardization of language and the creation, reform and perfection of characters are all long-term processes and huge regulations.Model and complex practice. Language standardization is a long-term work, and it must follow the development of society.Change and the evolution of the language itself, and timely adjust and improve it;Language planning should also keep pace with the times.Advance, can’t be fixed and unchangeable.

(D) the task of language planning

The main tasks of language planning are: to determine the status of language in the country and society, and to coordinate language. The relationship between words guarantees people’s language rights, strengthens people’s awareness of language norms, strengthens the standardization and standardization of language, enhances language prestige, enhances language vitality, gives full play to the social communication function of language, promotes the sustained and healthy development of language and language life, and better serves the society.The specific task of language planning is changing, which changes with the continuous development of society, the evolution of language and language life and the progress of language planning.For example, in China, in the 1950s and 1960s, the specific tasks of language planning were to implement the policy of language equality for all ethnic groups, safeguard the people’s language rights, and at the same time determine the status of Putonghua as a common language in the whole country, vigorously popularize Putonghua, implement text reform, and strengthen the standardization of modern Chinese. In the 1980s and 1990s, in order to meet the needs of the country’s reform, opening up and modernization, the specific tasks of language planning were adjusted in a timely manner. In addition to continuing to carry out the specific tasks of the previous stage, the tasks of language information processing and management were added, and the popularization of Putonghua was accelerated, and the standardization and standardization of language and characters were strengthened.

(E) the significance of language planning

Language planning is an important event in social life and language life, which has great influence on social life and language. Life has important influence and positive significance.

1. The political significance of language planning is remarkable, which is mainly manifested in determining language status, coordinating language relations, safeguarding people’s language rights and strengthening national unity consciousness, thus playing an important role in safeguarding national unity, national unity and social stability.Without a unified language, national unity, national unity and social stability are bound to be damaged. For example, China is a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual country with a vast territory and a large population. If there is no unified language, it is hard to imagine that the country, ethnic groups and society can be so United, unified and stable as a whole in the long history of more than 3,000 years. In this respect, language equality, unified writing and the promotion of Yayan, Tongguan, Mandarin and Putonghua have played an important role in history. After the European Renaissance, Italy, France, Spain and other countries set up language institutions one after another to formulate and implement language plans and safeguard the purity and health of their own languages, which is of great significance to the unity and social stability of European countries and the industrial revolution thereafter. The promotion of Arabic in the Arab world has played a vital role in promoting the unity and unity of Arab countries and nations. Negative examples, such as India, the Philippines and some countries in Africa, have seriously affected the unity, stability and development of these countries because some social and linguistic problems have not been properly solved.

2. Language planning plays an important role in promoting the development of economy, culture, education, science and technology.this It is mainly embodied in language ontology planning and strengthening the standardization and standardization of language and characters, such as formulating the standardization standards of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and characters of standard language, reforming style and characters, standardizing and standardizing terminology, and strengthening the modernization of Chinese language, thus promoting the progress and development of economy, culture, education and science and technology. For example, in our country, it is helpful for the formation of a unified market, the development of economy, culture and education, the development of language information processing, natural language understanding and artificial intelligence, etc., and its social and economic benefits are enormous to determine Putonghua and standardized Chinese characters as the national common language and characters and vigorously promote them throughout the country.

3. The standardization of language makes the language more standardized and easy to use, thus enhancing the social function of language, improving communication efficiency and work efficiency, and adapting to the needs of continuous development and change of social life.For example, it is an obvious fact that the standardization of modern Chinese and minority languages has enhanced the social functions of these languages and facilitated work and communication. Another example is that English, French and Spanish are highly standardized, so their social functions are stronger, and their communication efficiency and work efficiency are also higher, which plays an important role in social communication and international exchange.

4. Language planning can have a positive impact on the historical changes of language, making the language structure itself more standardized and precise, more suitable for the needs of modern society, and developing in the direction of meeting the interests of language users.For example, the closeness or basic consistency between written language and spoken language is a trend of language development, and human intervention in language can accelerate the development of this trend. Israel revived Hebrew, which had been divorced from social life for more than 2,000 years, and became a communicative language in modern society, which greatly accelerated the process of colloquialism of written language. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, Chinese has undergone stylistic reform, from classical Chinese to vernacular Chinese, which makes written language close to spoken language and makes spoken language more standardized, concise and accurate, which plays an important role in the development of the language itself.

Book information

Research on Language Planning (Summary of Contemporary Chinese Academic Works)

Chen Zhangtai

This book is a classic work of Mr. Chen Zhangtai who has studied language planning for many years, including language planning theory and practice research, language policy research, language standardization research and so on. The book points out that the content of language planning includes two parts: language status planning and language ontology planning. The object of language planning is social language problems, including language status, language relations, language norms, etc., mainly to overcome language barriers in social communication and create or improve the conditions and environment for language use. The main tasks of language planning are to determine the status of language in the country and society, coordinate language relations, safeguard people’s language rights, strengthen people’s awareness of language norms, strengthen the standardization and standardization of language, improve language prestige, enhance language vitality, give full play to the social communication function of language, promote the sustained and healthy development of language and language life, and better serve the society.

Brief introduction of the author

Chen Zhangtai (1932—2021), researcher and doctoral supervisor of state language commission Institute of Linguistic Application, professor of Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, concurrently vice president of Chinese Language Society, president of China Society of Applied Linguistics, adjunct professor of Beijing Broadcasting Institute and adjunct professor of Nanchang University. He used to be an associate researcher and deputy director of Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, deputy editor-in-chief of China Language magazine, deputy director and secretary-general of state language commission, and director of Institute of Linguistic Application. Mainly engaged in sociolinguistics and Chinese dialect research.

Catalogue

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Editor-in-Chief of Today: Mou Someone

　　According to official website, the housing accumulation fund center of Chaozhou City, Guangdong Province, in order to strengthen the market expectation guidance, support the rigid and improved housing demand, optimize the real estate market environment, and promote the virtuous circle and healthy development of the real estate industry in Chaozhou City, on April 24th, the housing accumulation fund of Chaozhou City implemented five measures to promote the stable and healthy development of the real estate market.

　　In terms of the down payment withdrawal policy, the New Deal proposes that if an employee buys a house for the first time and it is a first-hand commodity house in this city, both husband and wife can withdraw the housing provident fund from the housing provident fund service window with relevant materials to pay the down payment for the house purchase.

　　According to the interpretation of Chaozhou Housing Provident Fund Center, the withdrawal of housing provident fund to pay the down payment can reduce the employees’ use of their own funds to pay the down payment and ease the pressure of buying houses. For example, the total price of a couple’s house purchase is 1.2 million yuan, and the total down payment is 240,000 yuan according to the minimum 20% down payment ratio, and the balance of the husband and wife’s provident fund account totals more than 200,000 yuan. According to the down payment withdrawal policy, after the husband and wife first withdraw the housing provident fund to pay the down payment of 200,000 yuan, they only need to use their own funds to pay the remaining 40,000 yuan down payment, which greatly reduces the burden on employees to purchase houses.

　　According to the regulations, the amount of the down payment withdrawn by the husband and wife or the joint property owner shall not exceed the amount of the down payment in the Commercial Housing Subscription Agreement or the amount of the down payment invoice.

　　The New Deal also proposes to cancel the restriction on the borrower’s domicile, and the borrower who applies for a first-hand commodity housing provident fund loan in Chaozhou with the National Certificate for the Use of Housing Provident Fund Loans in Different Places should cancel the requirement that at least one of the borrower or his spouse’s domicile must be in Chaozhou, and the loan amount and loan application conditions are the same as those of Chaozhou depositors.

　　At the same time, the implementation of rapid lending, real estate development enterprises can complete the mortgage filing in Chaozhou Housing Transaction Service Center with the applicant’s purchase contract and obtain the "Mortgage Filing Certificate", which can enter the provident fund lending process in advance.

　　The New Deal clearly stipulates that the limit on the deposit balance in the borrower’s account should be lowered, and the first-hand commodity housing in Chaozhou City should be purchased for the first time and the housing provident fund loan should be applied for for the first time. The maximum loan amount should not exceed 15 times of the total amount stored in the borrower’s housing provident fund account at the time of application, and it should not exceed 20 times of the total amount stored in the borrower’s housing provident fund account at the time of application. The current loan amount ceiling remains unchanged.

　　In terms of housing provident fund support policies for families with many children, first, the maximum amount of rental housing is increased by 20%. That is, taking the family as a unit, the maximum amount of withdrawal per household per year does not exceed 11,520 yuan. Second, if you purchase the first set of self-occupied housing and apply for housing provident fund personal housing loans, the maximum amount of loans for two-child families will be increased by 10%, and the maximum amount of loans for three-child families will be increased by 20%. Other loan conditions will still be implemented according to the Chaozhou Housing Provident Fund Personal Housing Mortgage Loan Measures.

　　According to the 2022 annual report of Chaozhou Housing Provident Fund, in 2022, the maximum amount of individual housing loans is 600,000 yuan. Among them, the maximum amount of individual housing loans for single employees is 400,000 yuan, and the maximum amount of individual housing loans for double employees is 600,000 yuan.

Recently, the Network Security Administration of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Criminal Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security jointly interviewed the relevant responsible persons of Alibaba Cloud and Baidu Cloud, and informed them of the problems such as the high number of fraudulent websites accessed by the two companies in the recent prevention and control of telecommunication network fraud, requiring the two companies to earnestly fulfill their main responsibilities in network and information security, strictly implement the requirements of laws and regulations such as the Cyber Security Law, and rectify related problems within a time limit; Those who refuse to make rectification or rectification are not in place will be severely punished according to the law. The two companies indicated that they will conscientiously implement the regulatory requirements, further strengthen the management of website access, domain name registration and information services, and effectively prevent and resolve the risks of telecommunication network fraud.

In the next step, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, together with the Ministry of Public Security, will adhere to the people-centered development thinking, focus on the difficult and painful problems reflected by the broad masses of the people, make practical moves and make heavy punches, guide and urge Internet companies to strictly implement their security responsibilities, strengthen the management of Internet basic resources and the monitoring and disposal of fraudulent Internet accounts, increase industry supervision and penalties for violations, and take various measures to fully promote the prevention and management of telecommunication network fraud in the Internet field, so as to better safeguard the property safety and legitimate rights and interests of the people.

Map of Shajing Street Area (Jinhao Town).

Map of Shajing Street Area (Jinhao Town).

See Shenzhen client Shenzhen News Network on December 17, 2020.(Jing Bao reporter Ke Ji correspondent Zhang Wenting) The scattered ancient ancestral halls, ancient wells and ancient trees have renewed their vitality under the joint efforts of artists. Light, shadow, time and traces are like three main lines, which are slowly unfolding with the ancient Longjin River; The infiltration and integration of local elements such as oysters, salt and sea with ancient villages of thousands of years is also a historical dialogue that spans thousands of years.

Nowadays, Jinhao Town, located in the land of Haoxiang, has been transformed into a punching place for "online celebrity". Tourists come here to try to touch the new window of cultural heritage of Shajing ancient market and exploration of urban construction and development model, and explore innovative models of urban renewal in the symbiosis of ancient villages and modern cities.

The butterfly change in Shajing Street area (Jinhao Town) is a true portrayal and interpretation of all this.

In recent years, Bao ‘an has made every effort to build the largest square kilometer urban renewal project in the city, which is the type of "contiguous old villages+historic district protection and activation". By adopting the implementation path of "key urban renewal units+historic district activation" and the mode of "government planning and overall planning+market main body implementation", Bao ‘an has made great efforts to explore an innovative model of urban renewal and historical and cultural heritage protection, and helped Shenzhen to build a pioneering demonstration zone in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Challenge-the complexity and implementation difficulty of the current project can be called the most updated project.

"The demolition land area of this project is 1.4 square kilometers, which is equivalent to three major renovations. It is the largest renovation project of old houses and villages in the city, and it is also the first key urban renewal unit with’ historic area revitalization’ as the core. The historic area to be renovated and activated is 23 hectares, and the complexity and implementation difficulty of the project status quo can be called the most updated project." The relevant person in charge of Baoan District Urban Renewal and Land Preparation Bureau said this in an interview with Jingbao reporter.

What you said is true.

On-site visit, you will find that the current situation of Shajing Street Area (Jinhao Town) project is mainly urban villages.

The data shows that the total construction area is about 2.17 million square meters, and there are 5,687 buildings, and the rights subject involves 13 joint-stock cooperative companies, such as Haoyi, Haoyi, Yabian and Xinyang, which is difficult to coordinate. Six urban primary and secondary trunk roads, such as Haoxiang Road, need to be broken, and nine planned urban branch roads need to be implemented. More than that, there is a serious shortage of public degrees in the district. There are only two schools, namely, Oyster Primary School and Vocational High School. There is a serious shortage of public schools, and the willingness to renew and transform the district is very strong. However, there are a large number of historical relics and historic buildings with protection value in the area, which is of great significance.

Break the game-

Let planning go ahead and find identity.

How to break the game?

Baoan explores the establishment of an incentive mechanism for the protection of historical and cultural heritage. The contiguous old villages and historic areas in Shajing Street area will be included in the scope of urban renewal, demolition and reconstruction, and the indicators will be transferred to the scope of construction land by means of floor area ratio transfer or reward to achieve a balance of interests.

It is particularly worth mentioning that the historic area of Jinhao Town has been planned with protection as the basic principle. In order to solve all kinds of problems, the District Urban Renewal and Land Preparation Bureau has included about 3 square kilometers around Shajing Street Area (Jinhao Town) in the overall planning scope, and through the overall planning of land use structure and layout, road traffic organization, public facilities, Longjin River regulation, historical and cultural renovation and activation, the cultural protection of Shajing Street Area (Jinhao Town) has been solved in a package. The plan puts forward the idea of "benefit sharing, unified accounting and overall balance" to realize the win-win situation for all stakeholders of the government and the community. In the planning sequence, the implementation strategy of "classification, segmentation and staging" is formulated.

Path—

Reconstruction of contiguous old houses+revitalization of historical and cultural blocks

Planning first, leading the urban renewal.

According to the research results of Baoan District Urban Renewal and Land Preparation Bureau, Shajing Street is one of the four core functional areas in the western center of Shenzhen, a regional public vitality center dominated by tourism, leisure, business and cultural creativity, and a marine cultural landmark in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. It is suggested that "International Convention and Exhibition City+Shajing Street" be included in the new living room of the seventh largest city after the six new living rooms in Shenzhen; "Shajing Street" is a new key construction area after being included in 17 key areas in Shenzhen, and the implementation path of "key renewal units+revitalization and renovation of historical blocks" is innovatively put forward.

Strengthen government leadership and make good use of market forces. Baoan took the initiative to integrate the resources of Shajing Street, and set up a headquarters with the district head as the commander, the leaders in charge of the district as the deputy commander, and all functional departments and streets as members, and held regular meetings on project work from time to time to promote project implementation.

Leading by Party building, bright red party flag is flying high in the front line of work!

Baoan firmly established the working concept of "Party Building+Project", and led by Party Building, it condensed the overall situation consciousness and developed consciousness of party member cadres. Shajing Sub-district Office innovatively established the Party Committee of Jinhao Town Area (non-institutional regional party organization), which stimulated the internal motivation of grassroots governance and common development from the bottom up. Through the distribution of brochures, policy propaganda, guiding on-the-spot investigation, surveying and mapping, pioneering and exemplary driving by party member, all mobilization and individual interviews, we will jointly carry out the collection of renewal willingness of 3,094 plots within the scope of demolition.

Baoan also relies on the "good medicine" of innovation, innovates the working system, implements various means, and comprehensively applies the brand-new mode of "demolition and reconstruction+comprehensive improvement+land preparation" to solve the problem of secondary development of about 3.1 square kilometers of stock land around the area.

No closure, open the door and ask for advice!

Bao ‘an opened its doors, invited experts to make suggestions, invited the whole people to make suggestions, understood public opinion, gathered people’s wisdom, gathered people’s strength, and brainstormed: set up workshops, invited relevant industry leaders, urban planning and design experts, cultural relics protection experts and local villagers to regularly discuss the pulse, diagnose problems in time, and put forward solutions.

Vision-

Promote traditional culture and integrate fashion life.

In 2019, the key renewal unit plan of Shajing Street Area (Jinhao Town) was reviewed and approved by the district and reported to the Municipal Planning and Natural Resources Bureau for consideration; In March and April of 2020, it was reviewed and approved by the executive meeting of the Municipal Renewal Bureau and the business meeting of the Municipal Planning and Natural Resources Bureau respectively; In June, the key renewal unit of Shajing Street Area (Jinhao Town) was approved by the municipal government and announced, which belongs to the largest urban renewal project in the city.

The blueprint slowly unfolded.

Baoan is relying on the traditional ancient ruins culture of Shajing and taking the development axis of "oyster culture" as a series of historical contexts to show the thickness of Shenzhen’s Millennium history and culture and create a new business card for an international humanistic city.

A "Jinhao Town" with perfect infrastructure, complex functions, livable and suitable for business, beautiful environment and strong cultural atmosphere, which plays an important role in the process of urban development, will make the shining business card of "the core of the Bay Area, creating highland intelligently and sharing home" even more dazzling in Greater Bay Area and the world.

business card

Shajing avenue section

(Jinhao Town)

Shajing Street Area (Jinhao Town) is located in the center of Shajing Street, Bao ‘an District, Shenzhen, starting from Huanzhen Road in the east, West Ring Road in the west, Liaofeng Road in the south and North Ring Road in the north. The overall planning area of the project is about 3.1 square kilometers, and the area to be demolished is 1.4 square kilometers, including 23 hectares of Shajing Ancient Ruins.

It is also called "Shajing Ancient Market", together with Dongmen Old Street, Shatoujiao Old Street and Guanlan Ancient Market, it is called "Four Ancient Markets" in Shenzhen, and has a history of thousands of years since the Song Dynasty. There are 29 cultural relics protection units in various historical periods such as Song, Ming, Qing and Republic of China in the ancient ruins, and a large number of buildings with historical features. As a whole, it presents the spatial pattern of a half-moon ancient village with a fishbone pattern, and gradually breeds a world-renowned marine culture represented by oyster culture, which has high overall protection value.

However, the current historical buildings are seriously damaged, and there are some problems in the area, such as the unsmooth roads, the lack of public interest facilities and serious waterlogging, and the willingness to update the area is very strong.

In October, 2020, when General Secretary of the Supreme Leader visited Chaozhou Ancient City and Shantou City in Guangdong Province, he successively emphasized: in the process of transforming the old city and developing the new city, it is necessary to protect the historical and cultural remains of the city, continue the urban context, and make history and contemporary complement each other; On the premise of strengthening protection, we will carry out urban infrastructure construction, organically integrate into the atmosphere of modern life, and let the ancient cities glow with new vitality.

All along, Baoan District has fully implemented the spirit of the important instructions of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, adhered to cultural protection in urban renewal and transformation, paid attention to the continuation of the historical context of the city, and encouraged the micro-transformation of "embroidery kung fu" to make the city remember and make people remember homesickness.

Under the background of "two-zone drive", we will explore the establishment of an incentive mechanism for the protection of historical and cultural heritage, and bring the contiguous old villages and historic districts in Shajing Street area into the scope of urban renewal, demolition and reconstruction, and protect, conserve and activate historical buildings and historic districts in accordance with the requirements of the approved special plan for the protection of historic districts, so as to create historic districts with demonstration effect and leading role.

　　Original title: The Yangtze finless porpoise is on the verge of "extreme danger"-the national key protection list has not been updated for 20 years, which leads to the lag of law enforcement and affects the protection effect

　　The existing list of species protection in China has not been systematically updated in the past 20 years. The list of national key protected wild animals was promulgated in 1989, and the list of national key protected wild plants (the first batch) was promulgated in 1999, and it has only been fine-tuned once so far; The List of National Key Protected Wild Plants (Second Batch) has been in the state of "discussion draft" and has not yet been officially promulgated.

　　The past two or three decades have witnessed the fastest economic development and urbanization in China, especially in the eastern and southern parts with high population density. Many natural habitats have been developed and changed, and resource utilization and human activities have intensified, resulting in habitat loss and fragmentation, which has greatly reduced the distribution and number of wild animal populations.

　　The population of the Yangtze finless porpoise, which was once affectionately called "Jiang Pig" by the residents along the Yangtze River because of its naive and extremely common behavior, has declined rapidly in the past 20 years, from 2,700 in 1991, 1,800 in 2006 and 1,050 in 2012 to less than 1,000 now-a figure that worries people who care about the protection of the finless porpoise.

　　Following the functionally extinct baiji, the Yangtze finless porpoise has been known as the "giant panda in the water" for more than 10 years, and the recent related research has even divided the Yangtze finless porpoise into an independent species. However, the "giant panda in the water" has not been treated as a giant panda: in the list of key protected wild animals in China, the finless porpoise has not changed since it was designated as a second-class protected animal in 1989. Although experts and conservation organizations keep calling for upgrading, the Ministry of Agriculture and the State Council have issued documents to strengthen the protection of finless porpoises, but the adjustment of the list involves the coordination and unification of various departments in charge of wildlife protection, so it has not been realized.

　　The lag of protection level cannot be said to have no influence on the living conditions of Yangtze finless porpoises today.

　　In January 2018, the only South China Golden Cat in the global zoo died in Hangzhou Zoo. Li Jian photo/bright picture

　　The Red List of Endangered Species published by IUCN divides the endangered species into nine grades, which are evaluated and updated by experts all over the world about every five years. It also includes the evaluation results of China species regularly organized by the National Endangered Species Science Committee of China, that is, the Red List of China Species. The rating of Yangtze finless porpoise in IUCN Red List was "endangered" in 2000, and it was upgraded to "extremely endangered" in 2013, only one step away from "extinction in the wild".

　　China Nature Watch 2016, an independent analysis report jointly issued by a number of nature conservation agencies and the Research Center for Nature Conservation and Social Development of Peking University, pointed out that the IUCN Red List involves threatened species in China (including critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable), and 405 of them are not included in China’s protection list; However, 197 species in China’s protected list are "non-endangered" species in IUCN’s red list-this means: on the one hand, a considerable number of endangered species are not protected by Chinese laws; On the other hand, some species that are not endangered may occupy limited conservation resources.

　　Specifically, there are the following situations:

　　First, it has been endangered for a long time but has never been included in the list. For example, the spoonbill snipe is a migratory bird passing through the eastern and southern coastal beaches of China. At present, the population in the world is estimated to be less than 100 pairs, and the habitat along its migration route, especially the development of coastal wetlands in East Asia, is the main reason for the extreme endangerment of this species. The IUCN Red List assessed it as endangered in 2004, and soon adjusted it to extremely endangered in 2008. However, this species was not included in the list of key protected animals in China, but only appeared in the List of Terrestrial Wild Animals Protected by the State (referred to as the "Three Lists").

　　Second, in the past 20 years, it has become endangered from no danger. For example, the well-known "sparrowfinch", the yellow-breasted flounder, still had a huge population and was widely distributed in the 1990s. In 2000, it was assessed as a non-endangered species in the IUCN Red List, and then its population plummeted due to excessive killing and eating and the large occupation of rice fields in its main habitat, and it was assessed as extremely endangered in 2017. At present, the sparrows are not listed in the List of National Key Protected Wild Animals.

　　Third, it has been included in the protection list, but the level is lower than the actual endangered situation. In addition to the Yangtze finless porpoise, another example is the yellow-lipped fish, a species endemic to China, which is rated as extremely dangerous in the IUCN Red List. But like finless porpoises, yellow-lipped fish is only Grade II in the List of National Key Protected Wild Animals. Yellow-lipped fish is one of the rarest species in the family Sciaenidae, with low protection rating, serious lack of public concern and national protection; In addition, some news media reported positively that fishermen caught yellow-lipped fish and sold it at a sky-high price, which aggravated the pressure of overfishing on this species.

　　Fourth, the list of the second batch of key protected plants has been delayed, and a number of endangered plants cannot be effectively protected. More than 2,000 species of plants threatened with extinction in the "second discussion draft" have not been protected by law due to disputes over jurisdiction by several competent authorities. Most of these plants have great economic value, so the wild population is over-utilized. For example, there are no restrictions on the mining and trading of wild ginseng in China, and sometimes it is even encouraged by individual news media. The situation is similar to that of wild Dendrobium candidum and Dendrobium huoshanense.

　　Fifth, some species endemic to China, but not endangered, are listed in the protection list. For example, Davidia involucrata, clover and Tibetan wild donkey are all national first-class protected species, but the number of wild populations is very large. According to China Nature Watch 2016, the protection of these species is improving.

　　China Nature Watch 2016 also assessed the protection status of all species in the current List of National Key Protected Wild Animals/Plants and all China species (1085 in total) on the threatened list in the IUCN Red List from 2000 to 2015. The results show that only 102 species have improved, 738 species have deteriorated, and the remaining 245 species lack information.

　　It can be seen that the outdated list leads to the lag of law enforcement, which is one of the reasons for the deterioration of the protection of quite a few threatened species. There are many reasons why the catalogue has not been updated, and the lack of species information, especially the reliable information of population number, actual distribution and change, is only one of them. With the country’s attention to species protection and the promotion of the whole society’s awareness of protection, especially the opportunities for the general public to participate in natural observation of birds and beasts are increasing and deepening, and the information gaps are being filled step by step. Another major obstacle affecting the updating of the directory is the deadlock caused by the difficulty in coordinating multi-sector management. It is expected that the integration of natural resource management departments will help solve the problem of multi-sector management of wildlife protection. In fact, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Wildlife Protection Law (Revised Draft), which came into effect on January 1, 2017, has written into the law that the list of protected animals should be updated every five years. Therefore, it is imperative to update the list as soon as possible.

　　For the adjustment of the list, we suggest to establish an evaluation standard based on experts and scientific data on the basis of referring to the research reports such as IUCN Red List of Endangered Species, China Red List of Species and China Nature Watch 2016, and comprehensively sort out and rate the species in China, so as to adjust the protection level. For example, the IUCN Red List can include endangered and extremely endangered species, and the species with a score lower than -2 (inclusive) in the reference of China Nature Watch 2016 can be adjusted as national first-class key protected species; Adjust (or reserve) flagship species such as giant panda, snow leopard and Chinese white dolphin, umbrella species and top predator species in the ecosystem as national first-class key protected species; The species in the discussion draft of "List of National Key Protected Wild Plants (Second Batch)" will be officially promulgated to make it legally effective. In principle, non-endangered and low-endangered species will not be removed from the list, but only downgraded. For example, if the species in the current protection list are non-endangered and near-endangered in the IUCN Red List, and the score in China Nature Watch 2016 is higher than -1 (inclusive), it will be adjusted to the national second-class key protected species; Extinct species are indicated separately; Remove the taxonomically proved species (such as heterophylla japonica) from the list.

　　We earnestly hope that the "Updated List of National Key Protected Species" will be put on the legislative agenda as soon as possible and promulgated as soon as possible, so that all the truly endangered species can be protected by law.

　　Source: Guangming Daily

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