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How to give the audience a big surprise with a small IP, a small actor and a small cost？

There is no traffic star, no big IP, and no big publicity. The "Imperial Tribute" is undoubtedly a dark horse that has run out of the drama market recently.

Yunhe data shows that when it was launched on April 29, the total public opinion was less than 100, and the market share was less than 1%. Then it rose linearly, and the total public opinion reached a maximum of 349.52, which was higher than the average heat of TOP10 and TOP30, and the market share reached a maximum of 7%.

From the small transparency just launched to the word-of-mouth fermentation of Douban 8.4, the market share and popularity soared rapidly, and this drama quickly became the focus of people’s hot discussion.

In the drama market, it is logical to produce high-quality products, especially small ones. Then, how does a small-budget costume detective drama like "The Imperial Gift" counter attack step by step on the basis of the original work, so that the audience can call it "true fragrance"?

"The Imperial Petition" is adapted from the original novel of the same name by the leisure girl, and the author himself has also participated in the scriptwriting of film and television works.

It stands to reason that the participation of the original author can better ensure the presentation of the original story structure and core. However, judging from the final product, the drama is not small from the original. From the aspects of plot, personnel design and emotional line, "Yu Ci Xiao Zuo" has been drastically adapted.

For example, the work resets the story background, increases the scenes that young audiences like now, and removes the setting of the leading actor Xiao Jinyu who is sick.

In the view of the IP value officer, "Yu Ci Xiao Zuo" is undoubtedly an adaptation of extra points: the branches and vines are deleted, the main line is strengthened, and the story is better.

1. Plot: The big ring covers the small ring, and there is no waste pen.

"A little posthumous work from the imperial court" tells the story that the posthumous work Chu Chu and Xiao Jinyu, a criminal officer, have solved a series of cases together and have mutual affection. The most brilliant and praised by the audience is the logical and meticulous investigation and compact plot, which is the result of deleting the complexity and simplifying the original novel.

In the first episode, Chu Chu, who went to Beijing to take an examination of the post-mortem examination, met an old man who forged a scar and touched porcelain, and exposed the scam with the knowledge of post-mortem examination, which won Jing Yi’s appreciation; Then Chu Chu, who was still in the exam, examined the bodies of two cases to be solved. This allowed the audience to accept the professional setting of "writing essays" from the beginning and quickly entered the situation of specific cases.

In comparison, the original works lay more emphasis on bedding and atmosphere. At first, I met Jing Yi clearly, but it was just a mistake. The admiration for the "Six Doors" and "Jade Judge" learned from Mr. Storyteller made her know Jing Yi and King An Jun, paving the way for the subsequent feelings, and the specific case was slowly unfolded.

In addition, each independent story of "A Little Story of Imperial Gifts" strung together the forces of all parties and exposed the logic of boss’s investigation behind the scenes, which was affirmed by the audience.

Many viewers said that, unlike many current fast-forward dramas, this work needs to be stared at, or even looked back, so as not to miss important clues. It shows that this suspense drama is solid.

Many clues in the work cross, and small cases are interrelated and become the foreshadowing of subsequent cases.

To sum up, there are four main background lines: one is the confrontation between Qin Luan’s strategists and imperial power, and Qin Luan’s rebellious heart is clear at a glance. Then there is the mystery of Xu Ma Xiao Heng, which is a deeply buried line, but it scatters relevant details everywhere, and it keeps blooming with the promotion of the plot. While solving the mystery, a new mystery appeared, which extended to the mystery of Chu Chu’s life. While the mystery of Chu Chu’s life was uncovered, the mystery of Chang Wang’s rebellion also surfaced.

Every case is like a fruit on the main tree, which looks easy to understand, but in fact it hides deeper clues. With the joint efforts of men and women, it was peeled off layer by layer and finally showed the truth of the main line. It also triggered the sigh that "there is finally a work that respects the IQ of the audience".

As a suspense drama, it is different from the popular social reasoning at present. The Book of Imperial Gifts strengthens the part of this case reasoning: it focuses on thrilling and bizarre plots and intriguing tricks, and unfolds the plot through logical reasoning.

2. People: distinctive personality and strengthening of positive values.

When I asked the literary platform and the producers how to evaluate an IP, I got the same answer, that is, the transmission of positive values. This is the most basic and core element of a good story.

In this work, the positive values of the male and female masters and supporting roles are strengthened. On this basis, the emotional line is derived.

Xiao Jinyu, the male master, was born noble. He was both the county king and the head of the Three Laws Department. He was a prison officer who firmly believed in and defended the justice of the laws of the Tang Dynasty. His works strengthened his integrity and his insistence on justice in his heart.

Because too many enemies were persuaded to converge, Xiao Jinyu responded: "I have no intention of being enemies with anyone, but if I am enemies with justice, I am enemies with me."

When asked by subordinates whether to remind Chuchu to be cautious, Xiao Jinyu, the male owner, replied that it was a textbook-level classic: If the people of the public asked the people to be cautious at all times, what is the use of the people of the court to support me?

Chu Chu, the hostess, was born in a family of writers in the countryside of Qianzhou. She studied technology seriously since she was a child and devoted herself to her career. Although the personality is stupid and simple, but the business ability is first-class. As a posthumous burial, I can always find strange tricks to help Xiao Jinyu find the truth from the clues.

The young Chuchu’s belief in the post-mortem profession, and the belief of Wang Ye Xiao Jinyu in the truth of justice and helping the people, make the works have more grand feelings of home and country under the tone of love.

3, emotional line: clean and neat, each pair is good.

In most works, the emotional lines of the male and female masters are the most, and the supporting roles seem to be paper people, serving the main line.

In this work, the supporting role has a distinct personality and a certain emotional line. Give each character a reasonable motivation and make the characters more attractive.

A well-matched couple CP:Compared with the original work, "Yu Ci Xiao Zuo" reduces the emotional lines of the male and female hosts. However, with the development of the plot, their feelings developed more naturally, and there was no industrial saccharin.

Both of them are leaders in their respective professions, and the two people who are evenly matched have mutual affection in the process of solving the case. Hair candy is also a secret poke, hidden in the details. For example, I received a handkerchief embroidered with ribs, and heard that it was the fifth rib closest to my heart. The man secretly touched his heartbeat in the carriage and grinned slightly, which made the audience outside the screen unable to help but raise their corners.

In addition, the feelings of the princess and Xu in the play also convey the feelings of being evenly matched and rushing to each other. "I don’t want to be a jade pendant around the princess’s waist, embellishing the princess’s beautiful youth. I want to be a rock to protect the princess I ",and their emotional line is also very touching."

Appreciate each other girlfriends CP:Compared with the black belly and green tea of female two in many dramas, this work shows the feelings of appreciate each other among women.

"It’s natural for women to protect women." "There are not many opportunities for women in this world. I saw you trying your best to be a post-mortem examiner, and I felt like I had seen myself before."

Leng Yue, the second female student, has appreciated her persistence and boldness since she met Chuchu, protecting her all the way and becoming friends with her.

Brothers with deep brotherhood CP:In the play, the display of brotherhood is also full. Jing Yi’s father never gave up for many years, thoroughly investigated the case of Xu Xiao Heng, and protected the princess family for many years after Xu Xiao Heng disappeared. Xiao Jinyu and Jing Yi developed their strengths and joined hands to solve the case. There was no bad blood between them. Xiao Jinyu and Xiao Jingli are good at martial arts and a follower. Xiao Jingli dotes on Xiao Jinyu even more. For this reason, he voluntarily gave up the title of county king and left the pampered capital to enter a military camp that is more in line with his preferences.

In addition, the drama also shows the ties of family ties, making the emotional lines of the characters richer and the image more stereoscopic.

The princess’s love for her two children runs through. Even though she knows that Xiao Jinyu, the king of Anjun County, is not her own flesh and blood, she treats her equally and even treats her better than her own Xiao Jinli. When the two brothers were playing as children, Xiao Jinli hurt Xiao Jinyu, and Xiao Jinli was beaten half to death by Princess Xiping.

Besides, Chuchu’s family. Chuchu, a child picked up by a noble family, has been a group pet of his family since childhood, and he has been cared for by his grandfather, father and brother. This kind of display of emotion is not displayed all at once, but the foreshadowing is laid from the first episode and runs through the plot. For example, at first, it was said that Chu Chu was escorted to Beijing by her brother as an illegitimate daughter of Chu family, and then she fought for her from her brother’s childhood to show the deep feelings between brother and sister.

Even the villain in the play, affection is their weakness. They will make key choices for their wives and children.

Compared with the current selling anxiety, shaping the bad guys with Facebook, in order to increase the conflict of the plot. There is no dog blood love triangle, no brothers turning against each other, no intrigue between women, no greasy misunderstanding and constant love, and some are mutual understanding and respect.

There is a misunderstanding, just say it. I like you, so just say it. I won’t waste the audience’s time with misunderstanding and suspicion. If I want to see a man and a woman fall in love, I can also work first.

By showing the beauty of affection, friendship and love in an all-round way, "A Book of Imperial Gifts" conveys the power to warm people’s hearts.

Judging from the clothing, makeup and props, "Yu Ci Xiao Ke Zuo" belongs to the "limited budget" family. Even in the words of netizens and fans, this is a "poor crew". Poor enough to have no money to hire a flow actor, the men and women Wang Ziqi and Su Xiaotong are still students at school, and there are not many resumes of their works; Too poor to buy too many clothes for the main actor …

But perhaps because of this, the money of the work is spent on the cutting edge. On the basis of solid plays, the overall production has not been delayed.

1, post mortem examiner career wonders, with cartoons, graphic display.

The clear posthumous burial in this work plays an extremely important role in promoting the plot. How to solve the case of ancient posthumous writings is also one of the main highlights of the works.

Then, compared with modern forensic doctors, how to present the autopsy scene of ancient posthumous works with pictures? In the post-mortem analysis of the case, Yu Ci Xiao Zuo innovatively used pictures, texts and cartoons to explain it, helping the audience to quickly understand and enter the plot.

Usually, the main scenes of comics in the play include: replacing the bloody scene of autopsy, restoring the characteristics of the victim before his life, and recreating the scene of the crime. In the dialogue, comics are also used.

For example, there is a memory fragment about the man and his brother killing each other in the play, which is presented in the form of animation.

Using simple cartoons as the explanation part can save money to a certain extent, and at the same time let the audience better understand the meaning of the lines and the artistic conception of the scene in the play.

2. The acting skills are natural and remarkable

The actors of "A Little Book of Imperial Gifts" are not popular actors at present, but they are still students at school. Recently, they have been frequently searched because they can’t fit in with each other because of writing papers.

The author learned from the interview with the relevant creative artists that because of limited funds, it is impossible to choose a flow artist, so all the actors who are most suitable for the work are selected.

Judging from the effect presented, the effect of the new actor is not bad when it is adapted to the play. At the very least, the actor’s acting skills are not broken, and no one is allowed to play.

The supporting role is also very good. It is not rough or vague because it is a supporting role, and everyone’s image has been established. When I watched 12 episodes, I even thought it was silly and cute for Qin Gonggong’s two worthless men to have dinner together.

The work and the actor achieved each other, and after the broadcast of "A Little Book of Imperial Gifts", the actors in the play also received more attention.

The IP Value Officer found that Su Xiaotong, the heroine, had already ranked among the top ten artists, and Baidu’s search index and popularity index also rose rapidly during the broadcast of the drama.

Of course, "The Imperial Petition" is not a perfect work, and its defects and problems are also obvious. For example, the service road is not fine enough, and the dubbing mouth is not in place.

However, the overall flaws are not hidden, especially in the presentation of suspense reasoning and the production of low-cost IP, which provide reference: only by working hard in the right direction from story to production can we twist into a rope and achieve a good work.

Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Accelerating the Modernization of Seed Industry Base

　All provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, agriculture and rural areas (agriculture and animal husbandry) department (bureau, committee), Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.:

In order to implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council Seed Industry Revitalization,,Implement the "14th Five-Year National Modern Seed Industry Development Plan" and the "14th Five-Year Modern Seed Industry Promotion Project Construction Plan" arrangement, carry out the seed industry base promotion action in depth, strengthen the territorial responsibility of the base, give play to the main role of the enterprise, promote the better combination of effective market and promising government, accelerate the construction of modern seed industry base, and improve the improved seed breeding and emergency guarantee system.To realize the independent control of important agricultural product provenance., to ensure the safety of agricultural production..We hereby put forward the following guiding opinions.

First, optimize the layout of the base and build a strategic force for national provenance protection

(1) Improve the layout of crop seed industry bases.Continue to promote the construction of national breeding and seed production bases such as Gansu hybrid corn, Sichuan hybrid rice, Heilongjiang soybean and Hainan Nanfan. In maize, rice, soybeans, wheat and potatoes, a number of regional seed breeding bases and seed production counties will be laid out, and a number of regional seed breeding bases and seed production counties of important cash crops will be laid out in oil, cotton, sugar, fruits and vegetables, and we will continue to support the construction of winter (summer) breeding seed production bases in Yunnan and Qinghai. Adhere to the principle of "getting in and getting out, rewarding the excellent and punishing the poor", and implement dynamic adjustment to large seed production counties and regional improved seed breeding bases. Encourage all localities to lay out and build provincial-level crops on the basis of supporting the construction of national seed industry bases, based on local resource endowments and the needs of regional agricultural development.Seed industry base to meet diversified productionUse a demand.

(two) to strengthen the layout of livestock and poultry seed industry base.Focusing on pigs, cows, beef cattle, sheep, laying hens, broilers and waterfowl,Supplemented by bees, silkworms, horses and donkeys,Select and build a batch in the advantageous areas of livestock and poultry seed industry.National livestock and poultry core breeding farm, breeding base and breeding male livestock station(referred to as "livestock and poultry seed industry base"). The establishment of the base of regular assessment and random sampling system, the implementation of the survival of the fittest, dynamic adjustment. All localities should, in combination with industrial needs and advantages, lay out and build a number of provincial-level livestock and poultry seed industry bases, improve the provincial-level livestock and poultry breeding system, and ensure the supply of animal husbandry sources.

Two, strengthen the base construction, improve the level of modernization of industrial chain.

(three) the construction of modern crop seed production base.All localities should strengthen the construction of farmland infrastructure such as base field improvement, soil improvement, irrigation and drainage ditches, road network and power grid, strengthen the management and protection of facilities and equipment, and create centralized contiguous, dry energy irrigation, waterlogging energy drainage, effective isolation and stable and high yield.Seed production base, continue to improveBase field infrastructureStandardization level. It is necessary to support the joint research on key technologies of seed production mechanization, strengthen the research and development and application of advanced seed production machinery and equipment, accelerate the improvement of the quality and efficiency of "ploughing, planting, managing and harvesting", and continuously improve the level of mechanization in the whole process of seed production. It is necessary to base on high-quality seed production, support enterprises to benchmark the international advanced level, transform seed processing equipment, upgrade seed drying, selection, coating, packaging and other technologies, and continuously improve the level of seed processing automation. Support enterprises to strengthen the application of technologies such as Internet of Things, satellite remote sensing and big data, carry out information monitoring such as field production, seed processing, warehousing and transportation, strengthen traceability management and data analysis, and continuously improve the informationization level of process control. It is necessary to speed up the cultivation of specialized service subjects in all aspects of seed production, effectively provide services such as agricultural materials supply, agricultural machinery operation, unified prevention and control, generation by generation, storage and processing, and financial insurance, and continue to improve.seedSocialization level of production services.

(four) the construction of modern livestock and poultry seed industry base.All localities should support itNational livestock and poultry core breeding farm(base、standStrengthen the standardization of facilities in the site, and further improve the level of facilities such as breeding pens, measuring pens, manure treatment, and disease prevention and control. Strengthen the automation construction of feeding management, transform and upgrade facilities and information management systems, and realize the automation of production process and the visualization of production data. Strengthen the intelligent construction of measurement and evaluation, speed up the application of accurate measurement equipment and software in individual identification and performance measurement, realize automatic data collection, analysis and evaluation, and connect with the National Animal Genetic Evaluation Center in real time. Strengthen the three-dimensional construction of disease prevention and control, set up an off-site epidemic prevention isolation zone, improve the on-site epidemic prevention facilities, strengthen the control of vehicles, materials, personnel, feed, etc., block the transmission channels through air, mosquitoes, rats and birds, and build a disease prevention and control system for livestock and poultry.

(V) Building a modern seed industry park.Encourage all localities to combine local conditions, guide qualified seed industry base counties to build a modern seed industry park, and promote market entities such as scientific and technological research and development, processing logistics and marketing services to concentrate in the park, and capital, science and technology, talents and other factors to gather in the park, so as to create a new format of seed industry development with seed production industry as the core and related industries as the supplement, complete chain, industrial integration, high level of modernization and strong driving ability. Support qualified counties to establish a national modern agricultural industrial park and an agricultural modernization demonstration zone with seed industry as the leading industry.

Third, strengthen management services and create a good environment for the development of the base.

(6) Strengthen the supervision of the base.All localities should do a good job in the source management of the base, strengthen the market access review of enterprise production and business license qualifications, parent seed plant quarantine, and strictly implement the production filing system. Conduct regular inspections of seed production bases, do a good job in field isolation and flowering inspection, organize spot checks on seed quality, and do a good job in seed production process control..It is necessary to strengthen the license management and quality inspection of breeding livestock and poultry, and strengthen the supervision of genetic materials such as semen. Establish and improve the handling mechanism of seed production disputes, and resolve contradictions in time. Strengthen law enforcement supervision, establish a cross-regional joint law enforcement and major case supervision mechanism, and severely investigate and deal with illegal acts such as deck infringement and private proliferation. Strengthen the application of information technology and explore the use of satellite remote sensing technology to carry out pilot supervision of seed production bases.

(seven) to strengthen the service base.Encourage all localities to build a base public service platform to provide all-round professional services for seed production, agricultural materials and agricultural machinery, logistics and transportation; Support qualified base cities and counties to establish seed testing laboratories to provide seed testing services for enterprises and farmers; Organize technical personnel training to improve the professional quality of seed producers. In view of the development needs of the base, timely study and introduce supporting policies such as land use, water and electricity use, finance, insurance and logistics. We should actively explore the enterprise service mechanism of one-stop office, simplify the handling process and improve the service level.

(eight) to promote the cooperation between the base and the advantageous enterprises.All localities should explore the new mechanism of land transfer, support seed enterprises to establish long-term contractual cooperative relations with large seed producers, cooperatives and farmers, and ensure the continuous stability of the base. Support enterprises to build modern seed production and processing facilities, and give preferential treatment in land transfer, construction land and financial support. It is necessary to incorporate the seed industry and the policy of supporting key enterprises into local development plans, establish a contact mechanism with key enterprises, and regularly organize docking with relevant departments of the base, financial institutions and professional cooperative organizations to coordinate and solve practical problems encountered by enterprises. Enterprises should make overall plans for base construction in the strategic layout of development, give full play to their technological and industrial advantages, increase investment in capital, equipment and talents, and build pillar industries and enrich the people’s industries based on local conditions.

Four, strengthen the monitoring of reserves, improve the level of emergency seed supply.

(nine) to establish and improve the monitoring system of supply and demand of agricultural seeds.All localities should improve the layout of supply and demand monitoring points in the seed market, strengthen the analysis, judgment, monitoring and early warning of key varieties, key enterprises and key areas, and release supply and demand information in a timely manner in key agricultural seasons. Make overall use of existing agricultural production disaster relief funds, do a good job in post-disaster production seed supply and emergency adjustment, and ensure the safety of agricultural production seeds.

(10) Improve the two levels.cropsSeed reserve system.All localities should establish and improve the provincial level.Reserve system, toAchieve full coverage of the provincial reserve system in 2023.. Strengthen the management of provincial seed reserves,Further optimize the reserve structure, enhance the pertinence of emergency support, and ensure that the reserve can be imported, transferred and used.

(eleven) to strengthen the emergency protection of improved varieties.All localities should formulate emergency plans for crop seed supply, strengthen the emergency command of improved seed supply, ensure that the local area has certain seed emergency dispatching capabilities, and implement the construction and maintenance of emergency capabilities such as seed storage, transportation, processing and supply. Study and establish an early warning mechanism for livestock and poultry provenance risk, scientifically and reasonably set the early warning risk level, and start the risk prevention and control plan in time.

five、Strengthen organizational guarantee and ensure the implementation of all tasks.

(12) Strengthen organizational leadership.each provincelevelAgricultural and rural departments should strengthen overall planning, increase policy and financial support in conjunction with the departments of development and reform, finance, industry and information, finance, etc., strengthen base construction and management, and implement supervision and assessment responsibilities. Key cities of seed industry baseaskStrengthen the overall planning, policy creation and base supervision of seed production industry in counties within the jurisdiction..Each base county should strengthen the management and service of the base, set up a leading group, work out the development plan, improve the policy system, introduce management measures, establish a three-level management team at the county and village level, actively cooperate with advantageous enterprises to build a good environment for the development of the base.

(13) Strengthen policy guarantee.All localities should do a good job in the implementation of policy projects such as seed production county awards, modern seed industry upgrading projects, production performance measurement of breeding livestock and poultry, and national modern agricultural industrial park.High-standard farmland construction gives priority to supporting seed production bases. We should make use of high-quality farmers’ trainingrearwait forpolicyChannel, cultivate a group of seed industry base talents who understand technology, good management and management. It is necessary to actively create financial support policies and explore pilot projects for land management rights, large-scale machinery and equipment, livestock and poultry breeding pens, live mortgage loans for livestock and poultry breeding, and commercial insurance for seed production; Support enterprises to increase investment in base construction and guide the participation of social and financial capital through measures such as tax reduction and loan discount.

(14) Strengthen publicity and guidance.All localities should sum up the experiences and practices of base construction and emergency seed supply in time, dig deep into the typical cases of base enterprises in terms of joint construction, policy innovation and socialized service, and use new media, internet, television, newspapers and other forms, as well as large-scale exhibitions and other platforms to increase publicity and tell the story of the base. Encourage advanced units and individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the base construction, commend them in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, and strive to create a good atmosphere for the promotion of seed industry bases.

　Attachment: Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Accelerating the Modernization of Seed Industry Base

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　General Office of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　September 202215sun 　　　　

People’s Financial Review： Feeling Consumption Vitality from ＂Billion Express＂

　　20.09 billion pieces! According to the monitoring data from the State Post Bureau, as of March 8, China’s express delivery business exceeded 20 billion pieces this year, 72 days ahead of 2019 and 6 days ahead of 2022. The endless stream of logistics traffic, rain or shine courier brother, and express parcels over mountains and mountains are vivid portrayal of the vigorous vitality and strong power of the express delivery industry, and also a powerful footnote for the consumer market with strong resilience and sufficient potential.

　　The logistics industry is connected with production at one end and consumption at the other end, which is called the "barometer" of economic development and consumption vitality. The fast and slow growth of scale reflects the supply and demand of economic operation. In February of this year, China’s express delivery development index was 254.8, up 11.1% year-on-year, constantly running out of new "acceleration". On the production side, some express delivery companies directly cooperate with production companies and extend to the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain to help enterprises reduce costs and increase efficiency in the whole process. On the demand side, the express delivery industry is accelerating its integration with all walks of life, and constantly improving warehousing, distribution and distribution. From flowers, hairy crabs and cold-water fish that require "freshness, quickness and quality", to medicines that require precise temperature control, and then to bulky goods such as household appliances, furniture and industrial accessories, consumers can meet their consumption needs and enjoy a better life without leaving home.

　　Economic development, logistics first. Insufficient total demand is a prominent contradiction facing the current economic operation. An important aspect of expanding domestic demand is to open up the "aorta" and smooth the "microcirculation" so as to realize the benign operation of social reproduction. In Xiamen, Fujian, e-commerce sellers moved the live broadcast room into the express warehouse distribution center. After consumers photographed their favorite goods, the express delivery company immediately delivered them from the warehouse. This brand-new "warehouse broadcast" mode improved the timeliness of the traditional mode by one to two days. In Shenyang, Liaoning Province, Northeast Transit Center introduced the most advanced automatic sorting equipment in the industry, and the development scale, service level, innovation ability and competitive strength have continuously achieved new leaps. The rapid recovery of the industry’s prosperity will help accelerate the release of market demand and the full inflow of development vitality, and inject momentum into ensuring the smooth circulation of the national economy.

　　At the same time, we should also see that there is still a lot of room to be tapped to restore and expand consumption. In the past ten years in the new era, China has basically built a postal express network covering the whole country, going deep into the countryside and reaching the world. At present, more than 100 million express parcels flow in rural areas every day, further smoothing the channels for industrial products to enter the village and agricultural products to leave the village and enter the city. Better promote the flow of urban and rural resource elements, accelerate the decline of consumer goods, help agricultural products to go up, connect the county and rural e-commerce system and express logistics distribution system, and constantly improve the cooperative service model of "logistics+rural e-commerce", so as to enhance rural consumption capacity, improve rural consumption conditions, innovate rural consumption scenarios and fully stimulate rural consumption potential.

　　Small express, connecting thousands of cities and industries, smoothing both ends of supply and demand, reflects the strong vitality of China’s economy. It is on the express delivery network extending in all directions and in the rapid flow of goods that China’s economic and social development has made steady progress and the people’s good life has become a reality. Looking forward to the future, the basis for the sustained recovery of the consumer market has not changed, and the momentum of high-quality economic development has not changed. Let the logistics industry play a greater role in protecting people’s livelihood, promoting production, smoothing circulation and stabilizing employment, and it will certainly enhance market vitality, enhance development momentum and solidly promote the overall improvement of economic operation.

For those who come to Shanghai and return to Shanghai from epidemic-affected areas in China, Shanghai has further strengthened the corresponding health management.

　　CCTV News:"Shanghai Release" WeChat WeChat official account September 2 news, Shanghai COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work leading group office released a message: for those who come to Shanghai and return to Shanghai in domestic epidemic-related areas, Shanghai will further strengthen the corresponding health management, and the specific measures are as follows:

　　First, the people who come to Shanghai and return to Shanghai with a history of living in the epidemic risk area within 7 days shall be controlled according to the regional high school and low risk level.

　　For those who have lived in high-risk areas within 7 days, they will be subjected to centralized isolation medical observation for 7 days after arriving in Shanghai, and Covid-19 nucleic acid detection will be carried out with corresponding frequency.

　　For those who came to Shanghai and returned to Shanghai with a history of living in the risk area in the epidemic within 7 days, they were observed at home for 7 days after arriving in Shanghai, and Covid-19 nucleic acid detection was carried out with corresponding frequency. If you don’t have the conditions for home isolation medical observation, take centralized isolation medical observation.

　　For those who have lived in a low-risk area within 7 days, they should complete two nucleic acid tests within 3 days after arriving in Shanghai and do a good job in health monitoring.

　　Two, the county and above government announced the implementation of temporary static management area to Shanghai personnel, after arriving in Shanghai, the implementation of centralized isolation medical observation, the implementation of the corresponding frequency of Covid-19 nucleic acid detection.

　　Three, for the rapid development of the epidemic, close contacts with Shanghai, or the local epidemic spilled into the key areas of our city, after arriving in Shanghai, the corresponding control measures will be implemented, and the corresponding frequency of Covid-19 nucleic acid detection will be implemented.

　　Four, the domestic epidemic area to Shanghai to Shanghai personnel, should be as soon as possible after arriving in Shanghai and not more than 12 hours to the neighborhood committees and units (or hotels) report.

　　Five, medical institutions, schools and other relevant units to strengthen the inspection of health code, to Shanghai to return to Shanghai staff, students and other assistance to implement the corresponding health management measures.

　　At the same time, remind the general public not to go to the epidemic-related areas in China or leave the country unless necessary. When traveling, do personal protection, hand disinfection, etc., and carry out daily independent health monitoring. After coming to Shanghai and returning to Shanghai, we will carry out independent health monitoring for 7 days, during which we will take self-test temperature twice every morning and evening to reduce unnecessary crowd gathering activities and wear masks regularly when going out.

Bike-sharing’s ＂barbaric growth＂ arbitrarily stopped and invaded the blind road

　　Chengdu, 4 Dec (Reporter Zhang Wen) Recently, the Urban Management Office of Huayang Sub-district Office in Tianfu New District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province seized 204 bike-sharing vehicles, which triggered a heated discussion. The confiscated bike-sharing involved three operators, because it was parked on the sidewalk and occupied the blind road.

　　It is reported that since mid-November, a number of bike-sharing operators have successively landed in the Chengdu market, and the operation mode of "code scanning and unlocking, stop and go, and WeChat payment" has quickly attracted a large number of users. According to Lin Yuan, the person in charge of the operator’s "One-step Bicycle", the brand has about 100,000 registered users after three weeks of trial operation in Chengdu, with active users accounting for 80%.

　　Bike-sharing’s "barbaric growth" has become an important problem in management, and the phenomenon of occupying blind roads, sidewalks and even motor vehicle parking spaces is common. It is reported that all operators in bike-sharing have made requirements for users to "not occupy the blind road" when parking their vehicles, but it is difficult to implement them, so there has been a large-scale collection incident by urban management.

　　According to the relevant person in charge of the Urban Management Office of Huayang Sub-district Office, bike-sharing violated the clause "It is forbidden to occupy urban roads to carry out business activities" in the Regulations of Chengdu Municipality on the Administration of City Appearance and Environmental Sanitation, so it was confiscated. Prior to this, property managers in Chengdu had moved bike-sharing, which was parked in disorder. For example, bike-sharing, whose property in the Global Center spontaneously parked nearly 100 vehicles illegally in the motor vehicle parking lot, moved to a bicycle parking lot. A few days ago, the Chengdu Urban Management Committee issued a new regulation, which included issues such as whether the bike-sharing was placed neatly in front of the door, that is, all units, stores and residents on the road (street) were responsible for supervising and cleaning up the problem of bike-sharing parking in front of their homes.

　　■ collision

　　"Three guarantees in front of the door" passed on the operational responsibility

　　Bike-sharing is operating, which is different from "public bicycles". If the parking management in bike-sharing is attributed to "three guarantees in front of the door", the cost will be passed on to the street merchants and households. Operators in bike-sharing can cooperate with urban management and other relevant departments to set up special parking spots equipped with safety facilities at high-frequency car pick-up and parking places, which is not only beneficial to car pick-up and parking in bike-sharing, but also can reduce the occurrence of car theft.

　　Liu Lu, Doctoral Supervisor, School of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics

　　Operators should not neglect their own responsibilities

　　When social capital enters the field of bike-sharing, it will try to register as many users as possible, and no operator dares to restrict users actively. Without rigid constraints, the problem of parking in bike-sharing will only get worse. Therefore, industry norms should be issued for all operators, and their own responsibilities should not be neglected when seizing the market, so that the whole industry can embark on the track of healthy development.

　　Liu Yuyang, Associate Research Fellow, Institute of Economics, Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences

　　"Confiscating the vehicle" missed the point.

　　To rectify the phenomenon of disorderly parking, we should pay more attention to the current situation. For users who park their cars indiscriminately, we should mobilize volunteers, enthusiastic people and other forces to strengthen supervision, and combine criticism and education with moderate punishment to make people who park their cars indiscriminately have nowhere to hide. If it is confiscated blindly, the operators in bike-sharing will be punished in the end. However, the operator is only the owner of the bicycle, and there is no subjective intention to stop and place it. It is necessary to create an orderly social atmosphere, so that users can feel the pain caused by disorderly parking.

　　Lawyer Zhang Min of Chengdu Taihetai Law Firm

　　The quality of citizens affects the development of the industry.

　　Bike-sharing parked indiscriminately, which not only destroyed public order, but also made it inconvenient for the next user to use. What’s more, bike-sharing was locked up and used for private use, and some people stopped it and took it for themselves openly. The smooth operation of bike-sharing depends on the improvement of users’ quality. If everyone can observe the parking order, then this kind of bicycle will become a tool that everyone can use, otherwise it will only be a flash in the pan.

　　Bike-sharing user Li Li

Shenzhen： Accelerate the high-quality development and high-level application of artificial intelligence.

　　Cctv newsRecently, the General Office of the Shenzhen Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the Shenzhen Municipal People’s Government issued the Action Plan for Accelerating the High-quality Development and High-level Application of Artificial Intelligence in Shenzhen (2023— 2024). The main contents are as follows:

Shenzhen accelerates the development of artificial intelligence with high quality and high level.Application Action Plan (2023— 2024)

　　In order to thoroughly and systematically study and implement the spirit of the 20th Party Congress, the series of important speeches and instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary to Guangdong and Shenzhen and the important exposition on the development of a new generation of artificial intelligence, embrace innovation with greater enthusiasm, create the best ecology, promote the high-quality development and all-round high-level application of artificial intelligence, build a national new generation of artificial intelligence innovation and development experimental zone and a national artificial intelligence innovation and application pilot zone with the efforts of the whole city, strive to create a global pioneer city of artificial intelligence, and help and empower the city’s high-quality development, the scheme is as follows.

　　First, strengthen the supply of intelligent computing power clusters

　　(1) Building a city-level intelligent computing platform. Integrate Shenzhen’s computing power resources, build a city-level computing power overall scheduling platform, and realize "one-network computing power, overall planning integration, and one-stop scheduling". The city’s overall public intelligence computing power and related network bandwidth remain at the domestic leading level. Pengcheng Yunnao III Project will start construction before the end of 2023. (Responsible units: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Commission, etc.)

　　(2) Building an intelligent computing hub in Greater Bay Area. Accelerate the implementation of the project "Research and Verification of Key Technology System of Intelligent Computing Network". Actively and orderly gather the intelligent computing resources of the government, enterprises, scientific research institutions, universities, etc., strengthen the cooperation of intelligent computing with surrounding cities, and plan to jointly build an intelligent computing overall dispatching platform in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. (Responsible units: Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Committee, Municipal State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, etc.)

　　(3) Building an enterprise-level intelligent computing platform. Cooperate with Hong Kong enterprises, scientific research institutions and universities to build a Shenzhen-Hong Kong artificial intelligence computing power empowerment center. Implement the software cloud service application demonstration support plan, and encourage relevant units to purchase intelligent computing cloud services. (Responsible units: Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Committee, Municipal Qianhai Administration, etc.)

　　Second, enhance key core technologies and product innovation capabilities

　　(4) Strengthening scientific and technological research and development. Focus on general large models, intelligent computing chips, intelligent sensors, intelligent robots, intelligent networked cars and other fields, implement major special support plans for artificial intelligence technology, and focus on supporting the creation of open source general large models based on domestic and foreign chips and algorithms; Support key enterprises to continuously develop and iterate the general commercial model; Develop and apply the universal intelligent robot with body. We will implement the support plan for key technology research carriers, support scientific research institutions and enterprises to build more than five artificial intelligence joint laboratories, and accelerate the establishment of the Guangdong Humanoid Robot Manufacturing Innovation Center. (Responsible units: Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Commission, Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, etc.)

　　(5) Support the research and development of innovative products. Encourage large-scale model enterprises to strengthen the research and development of large-scale model plug-ins and related software and hardware in conjunction with ecological partners, and promote the opening and embedding of large-scale models with existing operating systems, software and intelligent hardware. Encourage enterprises to actively deploy in vertical industries and actively expand application scenarios. Encourage enterprises to rely on Hetao Shenzhen-Hong Kong Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Zone, Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone or overseas R&D centers to develop innovative products based on international mainstream models and actively expand the international market. Give full play to the advantages of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area’s manufacturing industry and develop the large-scale application of humanoid robots. We will implement the support plan for upgrading key links in the industrial chain, and encourage the research and development and industrialization of common general technology products by means of "revealing the list and taking the lead". Select qualified artificial intelligence products to be included in the first edition of software and the first (set) catalogue of major technical equipment, and give support to the products included in the catalogue. Implement the post-event subsidy support plan for the industrialization of strategic emerging industries, and encourage key areas of strategic emerging industries to apply artificial intelligence technology to carry out industrialization projects. (Responsible units: Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Commission, etc.)

　　Third, improve the level of industrial agglomeration

　　(six) planning and construction of industrial clusters. Give full play to the characteristic advantages and resource endowments of each district, select areas with mature conditions to build artificial intelligence industry clusters, and identify a number of municipal software parks in the field of artificial intelligence industry. Relying on Hetao Shenzhen-Hong Kong Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Zone and Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone to link Hong Kong and international resources. (Responsible units: all districts, Municipal Qianhai Administration and Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology)

　　(7) Vigorously cultivate enterprise echelons. Support local leading enterprises to increase investment in artificial intelligence, promote leading enterprises at home and abroad to set up artificial intelligence subsidiaries in Shenzhen, cultivate a number of innovative leading enterprises with core competitiveness, and incubate hundreds of billions of leading enterprises. Promote the development and growth of small and medium-sized enterprises, and build a number of artificial intelligence enterprises that specialize in novelty, single champion and unicorn. Conduct targeted investment promotion for artificial intelligence enterprises and give strong support to newly introduced and qualified enterprises. (Responsible units: Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Commission, etc.)

　　(8) Build an ecological incubation platform. Relying on Pengcheng Yunnao to build a city-level artificial intelligence ecological incubation platform, it will provide low-cost intelligent computing resources for small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as support for algorithms, tool sets, model bases and adaptation certification, and empower ecological partners to carry out joint innovation. Implement the public technical service platform support plan and cultivate a number of artificial intelligence public technical service platforms with their own characteristics. (Responsible units: Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Commission, etc.)

　　Fourth, create a global full-time scene application

　　(9) Build a docking platform for supply and demand. Relying on the "Shenzhen Enterprise" platform to build an artificial intelligence service area, collect and publicly release artificial intelligence innovative products, market-oriented project requirements and application scenario requirements for the whole society. Actively create various scenarios where artificial intelligence can be applied, and realize business process innovation and reengineering through artificial intelligence technology. Encourage all districts to try first in the fields of public services and urban governance, and actively create conditions to carry out full-time artificial intelligence application demonstration in the whole region. (Responsible unit: Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, districts, etc.)

　　(10) Promote "public service+AI". The people’s livelihood appeal platform is embedded in the public opinion to run the AI robot quickly, which improves the efficiency and quality of the platform response service. Explore and carry out pilot applications of artificial intelligence in medical and health institutions, such as clinical assistant decision-making, medical image assistant diagnosis, and medical robots. Relying on ports, airports, high-speed railway station, subway stations, government activities, science and technology cultural and sports venues, parks, tourist attractions and other public places, artificial intelligence experience scenes are built. (Responsible units: Municipal Government Service Data Management Bureau, Municipal Health and Wellness Commission, Municipal Port Office, Municipal State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, Film and Television Tourism and Sports, Municipal Urban Management and Comprehensive Law Enforcement Bureau, Municipal Association for Science and Technology, etc.)

　　(11) Promote "Urban Governance+AI". Continue to promote the coordinated development of smart city infrastructure and intelligent networked vehicles. In the field of city inspection and environmental sanitation, the application of city inspection robots and sweeping robots is moderately advanced. In the fields of fire protection supervision, food safety supervision and construction safety, artificial intelligence applications such as image recognition, video analysis, monitoring and early warning are carried out. In the building construction project, the pilot project of "intelligent review+manual confirmation" based on building information model is explored. Explore the application of artificial intelligence technology in the modeling and rendering of major building units and key areas, and enrich the application of digital-real integration special effects scenes in urban information model platform. (Responsible units: Municipal Transportation Bureau, Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, Municipal Urban Management and Comprehensive Law Enforcement Bureau, Municipal Fire Rescue Detachment, Municipal Market Supervision Bureau, Municipal Housing Construction Bureau, Municipal Government Service Data Management Bureau, etc.)

　　(12) promote "thousands of industries+AI". Implementation of artificial intelligence software application demonstration support plan, encourage enterprises in finance, commerce, industry, transportation and other industries to upgrade their existing production, service and management methods based on artificial intelligence technology. Promote the application of artificial intelligence in equipment fault detection and diagnosis, vision-based surface defect detection, intelligent sorting and other manufacturing fields. Strengthen the collection, utilization and development of manufacturing data, explore the establishment of a closed-loop mechanism of "marking+training" for enterprise data, reserve high-quality data sets, and incubate highly intelligent production robots. Accelerate the construction of low-altitude intelligent integration infrastructure projects and promote the innovative development of low-altitude economic industries. (Responsible units: Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, Municipal Transportation Bureau, Municipal Development and Reform Commission, etc.)

　　Fifth, strengthen the supply of data and talent elements

　　(thirteen) to cultivate high-quality data factor market. Before the end of 2023, the public data open management measures and public data resource catalogue will be issued, and the public data open plan will be formulated. Set up the city’s public data open operation platform, establish a multi-modal public data set, create high-quality Chinese corpus data, and use technologies such as privacy computing and safe data circulation to integrate data from education, medical care and other industries with enterprise data. Study and introduce policies and measures to cultivate data factor market, further expand the transaction scale of Shenzhen Data Exchange, encourage leading enterprises and platform enterprises in the industry to provide high-quality data products and specialized data services, guide enterprises to explore data assets, open data resources, participate in data transactions, and build a number of enterprise data brands. Accelerate the research and development of technologies such as separation of storage and use, metering and trading, and safe circulation, and focus on cultivating multiple subjects such as digital source vendors, data developers, data service providers, and platform service providers to promote the all-round development of data collection, storage, washing, standardization, and training. (Responsible units: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Government Service Data Management Bureau, etc.)

　　(fourteen) to create a high-level talent gathering highland. Establish Shenzhen AI Education Alliance and AI Lecturer Group, support schools, enterprises and scientific research institutions to jointly set up a "second classroom", promote artificial intelligence into the campus, and strengthen artificial intelligence general education. Strengthen the discipline construction of artificial intelligence in colleges and universities, and support universities and enterprises to carry out joint training of talents around the general model and other fields. Explore the introduction of enterprise talent gathering plans to promote the gathering of talents to the artificial intelligence industry. Support universities and enterprises to cooperate in the construction of artificial intelligence talent training bases, and carry out practical training on artificial intelligence application posts in fashion and creative industries such as clothing and jewelry. Discover, gather and introduce excellent artificial intelligence teams and talents by holding high-level competitions. (Responsible units: Municipal Education Bureau, Municipal Talent Bureau, Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Committee, Municipal Human Resources Security Bureau, etc.)

　　VI. Safeguard measures

　　(15) Strengthen organizational leadership. Set up a special class for the development of artificial intelligence industry in the city and establish an overall coordination mechanism. Promote the establishment of the municipal artificial intelligence industry alliance and integrate resources from all walks of life. The establishment of the city’s artificial intelligence strategic advisory committee, to carry out forward-looking and strategic research on major issues. Encourage institutions and institutions to open artificial intelligence application scenarios, encourage market players to actively invest, and establish an inclusive, prudent, fault-tolerant and error-correcting mechanism. (Responsible unit: Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, various districts and departments)

　　(sixteen) to strengthen financial security. Increase financial investment and focus on supporting the innovation and application of artificial intelligence. Give play to the role of government investment guidance funds, make overall plans to integrate fund resources, and form an artificial intelligence fund group with a scale of 100 billion yuan. Encourage artificial intelligence enterprises to carry out equity financing in domestic and foreign multi-level capital markets, support venture capitalists and venture capital institutions to strengthen investment and mergers and acquisitions of artificial intelligence start-ups, and set up artificial intelligence special sessions in Shenzhen Venture Capital Day held on the 8 th of each month. (Responsible units: Municipal Finance Bureau, Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Local Financial Supervision Bureau, Municipal SME Service Bureau, etc.)

　　(seventeen) to create the best atmosphere. Promote the implementation of the Regulations on the Promotion of Artificial Intelligence Industry in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, continuously update and release policies and measures on an annual basis, and timely update and release the list of "City+AI" application scenarios, and continuously create the best atmosphere for the high-quality development and high-level application of artificial intelligence. Hold high-standard brand activities such as artificial intelligence summits, exhibitions and academic conferences, and plan and build an artificial intelligence experience display platform based on the Municipal Industrial Exhibition Hall. Increase the release and publicity of artificial intelligence research and development achievements, innovative products and application scenarios. Explore the establishment of an artificial intelligence industry statistical index system, and release relevant data quarterly after its introduction. (Responsible units: Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Commission, Municipal Association for Science and Technology, Propaganda Department of Municipal Party Committee, Municipal Statistics Bureau, etc.)

　　(eighteen) to strengthen safety supervision. Establish and improve an open and transparent artificial intelligence supervision system, carry out supervision in accordance with laws, tolerance and prudence, establish risk prevention and response mechanisms around the fields of network security, data security, science and technology ethics, employment promotion, etc., prevent and crack down on illegal activities, and guide the healthy development of artificial intelligence-related enterprises and organizations. Strengthen the network security protection of artificial intelligence products and systems, and adhere to both safety and credibility and innovation and development. (Responsible units: Municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department, Municipal Party Committee Network Information Office, Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Committee, Municipal Human Resources Security Bureau, Municipal Public Security Bureau, Municipal Bureau of Justice, Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, etc.)

Medical institutions all over the country go all out to ensure medical treatment for patients.

Cctv news(News Network): In the past few days, medical institutions at all levels in various places have gone all out to do a good job in the advancement of diagnosis and treatment and the treatment of patients.

At present, the epidemic situation in Beijing has generally slowed down. In order to alleviate the pressure of treatment in secondary and tertiary hospitals, various community health service centers in Beijing have tried their best to improve their service capacity and provide oxygen filling services to residents in need. A total of 287 inpatient beds were added in 21 community health centers under the jurisdiction of Fengtai District, providing residents with in-patient treatment and other services nearby.

Shanghai co-ordinates medical resources and implements classified diagnosis and treatment. The city’s 249 community health service centers have formed a one-to-one cooperative relationship with 53 district-level hospitals and 17 municipal general hospitals.

Sichuan has implemented the responsibility system of lump-sum responsibility and established a three-level severe treatment system, covering 66 third-level hospitals and 287 district-level hospitals in 21 cities and prefectures in the province. At present, the utilization rates of total beds and severe beds in medical institutions above the second level are 88.91% and 64.87% respectively.

Notice on printing and distributing the operation guide for the cooperation mode of government and social capital (for Trial Implementation)

Notice on printing and distributing the operation guide for the cooperation mode of government and social capital (for Trial Implementation)
Caijin [2014] No.113

The finance departments (bureaus) of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities under separate state planning, and the Finance Bureau of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps:

According to the Notice of the Ministry of Finance on Issues Related to Popularizing and Applying the Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (No.76 [2014] of the Ministry of Finance), in order to ensure the implementation quality of cooperation projects between government and social capital, and standardize the operation procedures of each link of project identification, preparation, procurement, implementation and handover, the Operation Guide for Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (for Trial Implementation) is hereby issued, please follow it.

Attachment: Operation Guide for Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (Trial)

the Ministry of Finance
November 29th, 2014

Attachment:

Guide to the operation of cooperation mode between government and social capital
(Trial)

Chapter I General Provisions

the first In order to popularize and apply the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) scientifically and normatively, According to the Budget Law of the People’s Republic of China, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government Procurement Law, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Contract Law, the State Council’s Opinions on Strengthening the Management of Local Government Debt (Guo Fa [2014] No.43), the State Council’s Decision on Deepening the Reform of Budget Management System (Guo Fa [2014] No.45) and the Notice of the Ministry of Finance on Promoting and Applying the Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (Cai

the second The term "social capital" as mentioned in this Guide refers to domestic and foreign enterprise legal persons who have established a modern enterprise system, but does not include financing platform companies owned by the government at the same level and other holding state-owned enterprises.

Article This guide is applicable to regulate the activities of the government, social capital and other participants in the identification, preparation, procurement, implementation and handover of cooperation projects between the government and social capital.

Article 4 The financial department should adhere to the basic principles of the socialist market economy, strengthen coordination with relevant government departments in the spirit of system innovation and cooperative contract, actively play the role of third-party professional institutions, and comprehensively coordinate the cooperative management of government and social capital.

The financial departments of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, cities under separate state planning and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps should actively set up government and social capital cooperation centers or designate specialized agencies to perform the duties of planning guidance, financing support, identification and evaluation, consulting services, publicity and training, performance evaluation, information statistics, expert database and project library construction.

Article 5 All participants should follow the principles of fairness, justice, openness, honesty and credibility, and implement government and social capital cooperation projects in a legal, standardized and efficient manner.

Chapter II Project Identification

Article 6 Infrastructure and public service projects with large investment scale, long-term stable demand, flexible price adjustment mechanism and high degree of marketization are suitable for government and social capital cooperation mode.

Government and social capital cooperation projects are initiated by the government or social capital, mainly by the government.

(1) initiated by the government.

The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) should be responsible for collecting potential government and social capital cooperation projects from the competent departments of transportation, housing construction, environmental protection, energy, education, medical care, physical fitness and cultural facilities. The competent department of industry can select potential projects from the new construction, reconstruction projects or stock public assets in the national economic and social development planning and industry special planning.

(2) Initiation of social capital.

Social capital should recommend potential government and social capital cooperation projects to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) in the form of project proposal.

Article 7 The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall, jointly with the industry authorities, evaluate and screen potential government and social capital cooperation projects and determine alternative projects. The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall formulate the annual and medium-term development plan of the project according to the screening results.

For the projects included in the annual development plan, the project sponsor shall submit relevant materials according to the requirements of the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center). The feasibility study report, project output description and preliminary implementation plan shall be submitted for new construction and reconstruction projects; The stock project shall submit the historical data, project output description and preliminary implementation plan of the stock public assets.

Article 8 The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) will carry out value-for-money evaluation from both qualitative and quantitative aspects in conjunction with the competent departments of the industry. Quantitative evaluation work is carried out by all localities according to the actual situation.

Qualitative evaluation focuses on whether the cooperation mode of government and social capital can increase supply, optimize risk distribution, improve operational efficiency, promote innovation and fair competition compared with the traditional government procurement mode.

Quantitative evaluation mainly compares the present value of government expenditure cost with the comparative value of public sector in the whole life cycle of government and social capital cooperation projects, calculates the value for money of the projects, and judges whether the cooperation mode of government and social capital reduces the whole life cycle cost of the projects.

Article 9 In order to ensure the long-term financial sustainability, the financial department should demonstrate the financial affordability of some projects paid or subsidized by the government according to the financial expenditure, government debt and other factors in the whole life cycle of the project, and the annual financial expenditure such as government payment or government subsidy should not exceed a certain proportion of the current fiscal revenue.

Projects that pass the value-for-money evaluation and financial affordability demonstration can be prepared.

Chapter III Project Preparation

Article 10 Local people’s governments at or above the county level may establish a special coordination mechanism, which is mainly responsible for project evaluation, organization and coordination, inspection and supervision, etc., so as to simplify the examination and approval process and improve work efficiency. The government or its designated relevant functional departments or institutions can be used as project implementation agencies, responsible for project preparation, procurement, supervision and handover.

Article 11 The project implementation agency shall organize the preparation of the project implementation plan, and introduce the following contents in turn:

(1) Overview of the project.

The general situation of the project mainly includes the basic situation, economic and technical indicators and the equity of the project company.

The basic situation mainly defines the contents of public products and services provided by the project, the necessity and feasibility of the project operating in the mode of cooperation between government and social capital, and the objectives and significance of the project operation.

Economic and technical indicators mainly define the project location, area, construction content or asset scope, investment scale or asset value, main output description and source of funds.

The equity of the project company mainly clarifies whether to set up the project company and the company’s equity structure.

(2) Basic framework of risk allocation.

According to the principles of risk allocation optimization, risk-return equivalence and risk control, the project risk is reasonably distributed between the government and social capital by comprehensively considering factors such as government risk management ability, project return mechanism and market risk management ability.

In principle, commercial risks such as project design, construction, finance, operation and maintenance are borne by social capital, risks such as laws, policies and minimum demand are borne by the government, and risks such as force majeure are reasonably shared by the government and social capital.

(3) Project operation mode.

Project operation modes mainly include entrusted operation, contract management, construction-operation-handover, construction-ownership-operation, transfer-operation-handover and reconstruction-operation-handover.

The choice of specific operation mode is mainly determined by the charging pricing mechanism, the level of project investment income, the basic framework of risk allocation, financing demand, reconstruction and expansion demand and expiration disposal.

(4) the transaction structure.

The transaction structure mainly includes the project investment and financing structure, return mechanism and related supporting arrangements.

The investment and financing structure of the project mainly explains the source, nature and purpose of the capital expenditure of the project, the formation and transfer of the project assets, etc.

The project return mechanism mainly explains the source of funds for social capital to obtain investment return, including payment methods such as user payment, feasibility gap subsidy and government payment.

Relevant supporting arrangements mainly explain the supporting facilities such as land, water, electricity, gas and roads provided by relevant institutions outside the project and the upstream and downstream services required by the project.

(5) Contract system.

The contract system mainly includes project contract, shareholder contract, financing contract, project contract, operation service contract, raw material supply contract, product purchase contract and insurance contract. The project contract is the core legal document.

The project boundary conditions are the core content of the project contract, mainly including the boundaries of rights and obligations, transaction conditions, performance guarantee and adjustment and convergence.

The boundary of rights and obligations mainly defines the ownership of project assets, the public responsibility assumed by social capital, the way of government payment and the result of risk distribution.

The boundary of trading conditions mainly defines the project contract term, project return mechanism, charging pricing adjustment mechanism and output description.

The boundary of performance guarantee mainly defines the compulsory insurance scheme and the performance guarantee system consisting of investment competition guarantee, construction performance guarantee, operation and maintenance guarantee and handover maintenance guarantee.

The adjustment of the convergence boundary mainly defines the response measures such as emergency handling, temporary takeover and early termination, contract change, contract extension, and the demand for new expansion and expansion of the project.

(6) Regulatory framework.

The supervision structure mainly includes authorization relationship and supervision mode. The authorization relationship mainly refers to the government’s authorization to the project implementation agency and the government’s authorization to social capital directly or through the project implementation agency; Supervision methods mainly include performance management, administrative supervision and public supervision.

(7) Selection of procurement methods.

Project procurement shall be carried out in accordance with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Municipal Government Procurement Law and relevant rules and regulations, and the procurement methods include public bidding, competitive negotiation, invited bidding, competitive negotiation and single-source procurement. Project implementation agencies should choose appropriate procurement methods according to the characteristics of project procurement needs.

Open bidding is mainly applicable to projects with clear and complete core boundary conditions and technical and economic parameters, which are in line with national laws and regulations and government procurement policies and will not be changed in procurement.

Article 12 The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall verify the value for money and financial affordability of the project implementation plan, and if it passes the verification, the project implementation agency shall report it to the government for review; If it fails to pass the verification, it can be re-verified after the implementation plan is adjusted; If it still fails to pass the re-verification, the cooperation mode of government and social capital will no longer be adopted.

Chapter IV Project Procurement

Article 13 Project implementation agencies should prepare pre-qualification documents according to the needs of the project, issue a pre-qualification announcement, invite social capital and financial institutions cooperating with them to participate in the pre-qualification, verify whether the project can obtain social capital response and achieve full competition, and submit the pre-qualification review report to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) for the record.

If there are more than three social capitals in the project that have passed the prequalification, the project implementation agency may continue to carry out the preparation of procurement documents; If there are less than three social capitals that have passed the prequalification, the project implementation agency shall reorganize the prequalification after the implementation plan is adjusted; If the social capital of the project is still not enough after re-prequalification, the procurement method selected by the implementation plan can be adjusted according to law.

Article 14 The pre-qualification announcement shall be published in the media designated by the financial department of the people’s government at or above the provincial level. If the pre-qualified social capital changes its qualification before signing the project contract, it shall promptly notify the project implementation agency.

The prequalification announcement shall include the authorized subject of the project, the project implementing agency and the project name, the procurement demand, the qualification requirements for social capital, whether the consortium is allowed to participate in procurement activities, the number and determination method of qualified social capital to be determined, and the time and place for social capital to submit the prequalification application documents. The time for submitting pre-qualification application documents shall not be less than 15 working days from the date of announcement.

Article 15 Project procurement documents shall include procurement invitation, instructions to competitors (including sealing, signing and stamping requirements, etc.), qualification, credit standing and performance certification documents that competitors should provide, procurement method, government authorization to project implementation agencies, approval of implementation plan and project-related approval documents, procurement procedures, requirements for preparation of response documents, deadline for submitting response documents, opening time and place, amount and form of compulsory guarantee deposit payment, evaluation method, evaluation standard and government procurement policy.

In case of competitive negotiation or competitive negotiation procurement, the project procurement documents shall specify the contents that may be substantially changed by the evaluation team according to the negotiation with social capital, including the technical and service requirements in the procurement requirements and the terms of the draft contract, in addition to the contents specified in the preceding paragraph.

Article 16 The review team consists of more than 5 representatives of project implementation agencies and review experts, of which the number of review experts shall not be less than 2/3 of the total number of review team members. Evaluation experts can be selected by the project implementation agency, but the evaluation experts should include at least one financial expert and one legal expert. The representative of the project implementation agency shall not participate in the project review as an expert.

Article 17 If the project adopts public bidding, invitation bidding, competitive negotiation and single-source procurement, it shall be implemented in accordance with government procurement laws, regulations and relevant regulations.

If the project is purchased by competitive negotiation, it shall be conducted in accordance with the following basic procedures:

(a) procurement announcement and registration.

The announcement of competitive consultation shall be published in the media designated by the financial department of the people’s government at or above the provincial level. The announcement of competitive consultation shall include the project implementing agency and project name, project structure and core boundary conditions, whether social capital that has not been prequalified is allowed to participate in procurement activities, as well as the review principle, project output description, requirements for response documents provided by social capital, time, place and method of obtaining procurement documents, price of procurement documents, deadline for submitting response documents, opening time and place. The time for submitting response documents shall not be less than 10 days from the date of announcement.

(two) qualification examination and procurement documents for sale.

If the qualification has been pre-qualified, the review team will no longer review the social capital qualification at the review stage. If the post-qualification review is allowed, the review team will review the qualifications of social capital in the review of response documents. The project implementation agency may, depending on the specific circumstances of the project, organize the inspection and verification of the qualifications of qualified social capital.

The selling price of procurement documents shall be determined in accordance with the principle of making up the printing cost of procurement documents, and shall not be for profit, and shall not be based on the purchase amount of the project. The sale period of procurement documents shall not be less than 5 working days from the date of commencement.

(3) Clarification or modification of procurement documents.

Before the deadline for submitting the first response document, the project implementation agency may make necessary clarifications or modifications to the issued procurement documents, and the contents of clarification or modification shall be regarded as an integral part of the procurement documents. If the clarification or modification may affect the preparation of the response document, the project implementation agency shall notify all social capital that have obtained the procurement document in writing at least 5 days before the deadline for submitting the first response document; Less than 5 days, the project implementation agency shall postpone the deadline for submission of response documents.

(4) Response document review.

The project implementation agency shall organize the receipt and opening of response documents in accordance with the provisions of the procurement documents.

The review team will review the response documents in two stages:

The first stage: determine the final purchase demand plan. The review team can negotiate with social capital for several rounds. During the negotiation, the technical and service requirements of the procurement documents and the terms of the draft contract can be substantially revised, but the non-negotiable core conditions stipulated in the procurement documents can not be revised. The content of substantive changes must be confirmed by the project implementation agency and notified to all social capital participating in the negotiation. The specific procedures shall be implemented in accordance with the Measures for the Administration of Non-tendering Methods of Government Procurement and relevant regulations.

The second stage: comprehensive score. After the final procurement demand plan is determined, the review team will comprehensively score the final response documents submitted by social capital, prepare the review report and submit the ranking list of candidate social capital to the project implementation agency. The specific procedures shall be implemented in accordance with the Measures for the Administration of Bidding for Government Procurement of Goods and Services and relevant regulations.

Article 18 The project implementing agency shall, in the pre-qualification announcement, procurement announcement, procurement documents and procurement contracts, specify the preferential measures and scope for domestic social capital, the requirements for foreign social capital to purchase goods and services produced in China and other relevant government procurement policies, as well as the mandatory guarantee requirements for social capital to participate in procurement activities and performance guarantee. Social capital should pay the deposit in non-cash forms such as checks, bills of exchange, promissory notes or letters of guarantee issued by financial institutions and guarantee institutions. The amount of the deposit for participating in procurement activities shall not exceed 2% of the project budget. The amount of performance bond shall not exceed 10% of the total initial investment or asset evaluation value of government and social capital cooperation projects. For service cooperation projects with no fixed assets investment or small investment, the amount of performance bond shall not exceed the average service income of 6 months.

Article 19 The project implementation agency shall organize social capital to conduct on-site inspection or hold a question-and-answer meeting before purchasing, but it shall not organize on-site inspection and question-and-answer meeting with only one social capital alone or separately.

Article 20 The project implementation agency shall set up a special negotiation working group to confirm the procurement results. According to the ranking of the candidate social capitals, the candidate social capitals and the financial institutions that cooperate with them shall negotiate the confirmation of the variable details in the contract before signing, and the winner shall be the first to reach an agreement. Confirm that the negotiation shall not involve the non-negotiable core clauses in the contract, and shall not renegotiate with the social capital ranked first but whose negotiation has been terminated.

Article 21 After the confirmation negotiation is completed, the project implementation agency shall sign a confirmation negotiation memorandum with the selected social capital, and publicize the procurement results and the contract text drawn up according to the procurement documents, response documents, addendum documents and confirmation negotiation memorandum. The publicity period shall not be less than 5 working days. The contract text should take the important commitments and technical documents in the successful social capital response document as annexes. The contents involving state secrets and commercial secrets in the contract text may not be publicized.

After the expiration of the publicity period, the project contract without objection shall be signed by the project implementation agency and the selected social capital after the approval of the government.

If it is necessary to set up a special project company for the project, after the establishment of the project company, the project company and the project implementation agency will re-sign the project contract or sign a supplementary contract to inherit the project contract.

The project implementation agency shall, within 2 working days from the date of signing the project contract, announce the project contract in the media designated by the financial department of the people’s government at or above the provincial level, except for the contents involving state secrets and commercial secrets in the contract.

Article 22 The financial departments of the people’s governments at all levels shall strengthen the supervision and inspection of the procurement activities of PPP projects, and deal with the illegal acts in the procurement activities in a timely manner.

Chapter V Project Implementation

Article 23 Social capital can set up project companies according to law. The government may designate relevant institutions to participate in the project company according to law. Project implementation agencies and financial departments (government and social capital cooperation center) should supervise social capital to set up the project company in full and on time in accordance with the procurement documents and project contracts.

Article 24 Project financing is the responsibility of social capital or project company. Social capital or project companies should promptly carry out financing scheme design, institutional contact, contract signing and financing delivery. Financial departments (government and social capital cooperation center) and project implementation agencies should do a good job in supervision and management to prevent corporate debts from being transferred to the government.

If the social capital or the project company fails to complete the financing as agreed in the project contract, the government may withdraw the performance bond until the project contract is terminated; In case of systemic financial risks or force majeure, the government, social capital or the project company may revise the relevant financing clauses in the contract through consultation according to the project contract.

When the project has major operational or financial risks, which threaten or infringe the interests of creditors, creditors can request social capital or project company to improve management according to the direct intervention agreement or terms signed with the government, social capital or project company. Within the time limit stipulated in the direct intervention agreement or terms, if the major risk has been lifted, the creditor shall stop intervening.

Article 25 The government payment obligations involved in the project contract shall be considered by the financial department in combination with the medium and long-term financial planning, incorporated into the government budget at the same level, and implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of budget management. The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) and the project implementation agency shall establish a government payment ledger for government and social capital cooperation projects, and strictly control the government financial risks. After the establishment of the government’s comprehensive financial reporting system, the government’s payment obligations in the cooperation projects between the government and social capital should be included in the government’s comprehensive financial reporting.

Article 26 The project implementation agency shall, according to the project contract, supervise the social capital or the project company to fulfill its contractual obligations, regularly monitor the project output performance indicators, prepare quarterly and annual reports, and report them to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) for the record.

If the government has the obligation to pay, the project implementing agency shall, according to the output description agreed in the project contract and actual performance, directly or notify the financial department to pay the social capital or the project company in full and on time. If an excess income sharing mechanism is set up, social capital or the project company shall pay the excess income to the government in full and on time according to the project contract.

If the actual performance of the project is better than the agreed standard, the project implementing agency shall implement the incentive clauses agreed in the project contract, which can be used as the basis for whether the contract can be extended at the expiration of the project; If it fails to meet the agreed standards, the project implementation agency shall implement the punishment clauses or relief measures agreed in the project contract.

Article 27 If social capital or the project company violates the project contract, threatening the sustained, stable and safe supply of public goods and services, or endangering national security and major public interests, the government has the right to temporarily take over the project until the early termination procedure of the project is started.

The government may designate qualified institutions to implement temporary takeover. All expenses arising from the temporary takeover of the project will be borne by the defaulting party alone or shared by the responsible parties according to the project contract. Social capital or the temporary takeover expenses that the project company should bear can be deducted from its due termination compensation.

Article 28 In the process of project contract execution and management, project implementing agencies should focus on contract revision, liability for breach of contract and dispute resolution.

(1) Revision of the contract.

According to the conditions and procedures agreed in the project contract, the project implementing agency and social capital or the project company can apply for revising the project contract according to the changes in the social and economic environment, the demand and structure of public goods and services, and implement it after being examined and approved by the government.

(2) Liability for breach of contract.

If the project implementing agency, social capital or project company fails to fulfill the obligations stipulated in the project contract, they shall bear the corresponding liabilities for breach of contract, including stopping the infringement, eliminating the impact, paying liquidated damages, compensating the losses and dissolving the project contract.

(3) Dispute settlement.

In the process of project implementation, according to the project contract, the project implementation agency, social capital or project company may apply for arbitration or bring a civil lawsuit in accordance with the law on matters that are controversial and cannot be reached through consultation.

Article 29 The project implementation agency shall conduct a mid-term evaluation of the project every 3-5 years, focusing on the analysis of the project operation status and the compliance, adaptability and rationality of the project contract; Timely assess the risks of problems found, formulate countermeasures, and report to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) for the record.

Article 30 Relevant functional departments of the government should perform administrative supervision duties on the project according to relevant national laws and regulations, focusing on the quality of public products and services, price and charging mechanism, safe production, environmental protection and workers’ rights and interests.

If the social capital or the project company refuses to accept the administrative supervision decision of the government functional departments, it may apply for administrative reconsideration or bring an administrative lawsuit according to law.

Article 31 The government, social capital or project company should publicly disclose the relevant information of the project according to law, protect the public’s right to know and accept social supervision.

Social capital or project company shall disclose the quantity and quality of project output, project operation status and other information. The government should disclose the contract terms, performance monitoring reports, mid-term evaluation reports and major changes or terminations of government and social capital cooperation projects that do not involve state secrets or commercial secrets.

If the public and project stakeholders find that the project is illegal or in breach of contract, or the public products and services are not up to standard, they can submit it to the government functional departments for supervision and inspection.

Chapter VI Project Handover

Article 32 When the project is handed over, the project implementing agency or other agencies designated by the government will recover the project assets agreed in the project contract on behalf of the government.

The project contract should clearly stipulate the transfer form, compensation method, transfer content and transfer standard. Handover forms include termination of handover upon expiration and termination of handover in advance; Compensation methods include free transfer and paid transfer; The transfer contents include project assets, personnel, documents and intellectual property rights; Handover standards include indicators such as equipment integrity rate and minimum serviceable life.

If paid transfer is adopted, the compensation scheme shall be clearly stipulated in the project contract; If there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, the project implementation agency shall draw up a compensation plan in accordance with the principle of "restoring the same economic status" and report it to the government for approval before implementation.

Article 33 The project implementation agency or other agencies designated by the government shall set up a project handover working group, confirm the handover situation and compensation method with social capital or project company according to the project contract, and formulate an asset evaluation and performance test plan.

The project transfer working group shall entrust an asset appraisal institution with relevant qualifications to conduct asset appraisal on the transferred assets according to the appraisal method agreed in the project contract as the basis for determining the compensation amount.

The project handover working group shall conduct performance tests on the handed-over assets in strict accordance with the performance test scheme and handover standards. If the performance test results are not up to standard, the handover working group shall require social capital or project company to carry out recovery repair, update and reset or withdraw the handover maintenance guarantee.

Article 34 Social capital or project company shall hand over the project assets, intellectual property rights and technical legal documents that meet the performance test requirements, together with the list of assets, to the project implementation agency or other institutions designated by the government, and complete the legal transfer and management transfer procedures. Social capital or project company should cooperate with the smooth transition of project operation.

Article 35 After the handover of the project is completed, the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall organize relevant departments to evaluate the performance of the project output, cost-effectiveness, regulatory effectiveness, sustainability, application of government and social capital cooperation mode, and disclose the evaluation results according to relevant regulations. The evaluation results can be used as a reference for the government to carry out the cooperative management of government and social capital.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Article 36 This operation guide shall come into force as of the date of issuance and shall be valid for 3 years.

Article 37 The Ministry of Finance shall be responsible for the interpretation of this operation guide.

Attachment: 1. Operation Flow Chart of Government and Social Capital Cooperation Project

2. Noun explanation

Attachment 1

Operation flow chart of government and social capital cooperation project

Attachment 2

Noun interpretation

1. Whole Life Cycle refers to the complete cycle of a project from design, financing, construction, operation, maintenance to termination of handover.

2. Output Specification refers to the economic and technical standards that the project assets should meet after the completion of the project, as well as the delivery scope, standards and performance levels of public goods and services.

3. Value for Money, VFM) refers to the long-term maximum benefits that an organization can obtain by using its available resources. VFM evaluation is a widely used evaluation system in the world to evaluate whether the public goods and services traditionally provided by the government can use the cooperation model of government and social capital, aiming at optimizing the efficiency of public resources allocation and utilization.

4. Public Sector Comparator, PSC) refers to the present value of the total cost of public goods and services provided by the government in the traditional procurement mode during the whole life cycle, which mainly includes the net cost of construction and operation, transferable risk bearing cost, retained risk bearing cost and competitive neutral adjustment cost.

5. User Charge refers to the direct purchase of public goods and services by the final consumer.

6. Viability Gap Funding refers to the economic subsidies given to social capital or project company by the government in the form of financial subsidies, equity investment, preferential loans and other preferential policies, because the fees paid by users are not enough to meet the cost recovery and reasonable return of social capital or project company.

7. Government Payment refers to the direct purchase of public goods and services by the government, which mainly includes Availability Payment, Usage Payment and Performance Payment.

The basis of government payment is mainly the availability of facilities, the usage and quality of products and services.

8. Operations & Maintenance (O&M) refers to the operation mode of government-social capital cooperation projects in which the government entrusts the operation and maintenance of public assets in stock to social capital or project companies, and social capital or project companies are not responsible for user services. The government retains the ownership of assets and only pays the entrusted operation fee to social capital or project company. The term of the contract generally does not exceed 8 years.

9. Management Contract (MC) refers to the project operation mode in which the government entrusts the operation, maintenance and user service of public assets in stock to social capital or project company. The government retains the ownership of assets and only pays management fees to social capital or project companies. Management contracts are usually used as a transitional mode of transfer-operation-transfer, and the contract period is generally not more than 3 years.

10. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) refers to the project operation mode in which social capital or project company undertakes the responsibilities of design, financing, construction, operation, maintenance and user service of new projects, and the project assets and related rights are handed over to the government after the contract expires. The contract term is generally 20-30 years.

11. Build-Own-Operate (BOO) evolved from BOT mode. The main difference between the two modes is that social capital or the project company owns the project ownership under BOO mode, but the contract must specify the constraint clauses to ensure public welfare, which generally does not involve the handover of the project upon expiration.

12. Transfer-Operate-Transfer (TOT) refers to the project operation mode in which the government transfers the ownership of existing assets to social capital or project company for compensation, which is responsible for operation, maintenance and user service, and the assets and their ownership are handed over to the government after the contract expires. The contract term is generally 20-30 years.

13. Rebuild-operate-transfer (ROT) refers to the project operation mode in which the government adds renovation and expansion contents on the basis of TOT mode. The contract term is generally 20-30 years.

Does Paxlovid, a specific drug of Pfizer COVID-19, help people who have been vaccinated？

Source | A drug Buff

In December 2021, Pfizer COVID-19 took the medicine orally. Paxlovid Obtain FDA emergency use authorization.

In February 2022,Paxlovid It was approved by emergency conditions in National Medical Products Administration, China, and then it was written into the latest diagnosis and treatment plan.

Paxlovid It has been approved for listing in more than 50 countries around the world.

but Paxlovid　Its use in the real world is full of controversy.

"I thank the pharmaceutical companies for providing patients with effective COVID-19 therapy. But I am also frustrated that these companies seem to be in complete control of the situation, and I believe that Americans can get more benefits from pharmaceutical giants as long as our regulators dare to ask. Paxlovid was approved based on a study that seems to exaggerate the benefits that most Americans can get from this drug, rather than providing us with more information about it. " This is a primary care doctor at Weill Cornell Medical College in new york when talking about Covid-19’s therapeutic drugs. Paul Fenyves Some feelings.

Among the antiviral drugs in COVID-19, Pfizer’s Paxlovid Has become an obvious winner for two reasons:

Firstly, compared with monoclonal antibodies and Remdesivir, Paxlovid, as a pill, is easier to administer.

Secondly, Paxlovid seems to be very effective. A clinical trial shows that,Hospitalization or death of high-risk patients who received treatment decreased by 89%..

It seems to be very effective because there is a problem: FDA’s emergency use authorization (EUA) for Paxlovid is only based on the data of a single trial, and the trial only includes people who have never been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine before. At present, 76% of American adults have been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine, and it is estimated that 58% of Americans have been infected with Covid-19, so the experiment supporting Paxlovid EUA is not directly applicable to most Americans.

This means that doctors who treat patients with COVID-19 do not know to what extent (if any) Paxlovid can benefit patients who have been vaccinated. Doctors only have hope and speculation, and continue to prescribe Paxlovid to high-risk patients in COVID-19, but they are not sure whether they are really helping them.

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Paxlovid Generic has been authorized in 95 countries.

History seems familiar.

Paxlovid’s current situation is reminiscent of previous antiviral drugs.oseltamivirIt was also controversial during the outbreak of swine flu.

Influenza kills an average of 40,000 Americans and hundreds of thousands of people around the world every year, so everyone is trying to develop antiviral drugs that can reduce its severity. Roche first introduced it in 1999.oseltamivir (oseltamivir), it is such a drug. Clinical studies reported by Roche show that existing evidence shows that Tamiflu reduces the risk of pneumonia, which is a common and important complication of influenza. For many years, doctors’ impression of using Tamiflu is that it reduces the risk of serious diseases.

Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate capsule) is indicated for the treatment of influenza A and B in adults and children over one year old. Patients should use it within 48 hours of the first symptom.

Tamiflu was included in the list of essential drugs by WHO. During the influenza outbreak in 2009, governments all over the world spent a lot of money to reserve a lot of Tamiflu to protect their citizens, because its manufacturer said, "Trust us, it works!" .

The Cochrane Collaboration made a meta-analysis of the clinical trial data of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Legonqing of GSK) and all published literature research results, and formed a comprehensive report, which was published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) on April 10th, 2014.

The report pointed out that, oseltamivir can reduce the proportion of symptomatic influenza in prevention research.It can shorten the time needed for symptom relief in treatment research; However, there is no obvious effect in improving the hospitalization rate, and there is no strong evidence to support the reduction of influenza complications such as pneumonia, which has no obvious effect in reducing the spread of the virus. At the same time, it also questioned the practice of many countries in the world to reserve Tamiflu to prevent influenza pandemic.

In response to these reports, Roche issued a statement saying that it disagreed with the overall conclusion of Cochrane Collaboration Group. This report did not include all the data about Tamiflu, "only included 20 research data from 77 clinical trials they had mastered, and excluded the actual data obtained from observational trials".

However, in 2017, WHO adjusted Tamiflu from "core drug" in the list of essential drugs to "supplementary drug", and the applicable population was hospitalized critically ill patients who were diagnosed or suspected of influenza.

Although many doctors are skeptical about Tamiflu, they are like Paul Fenyves Similarly, they can’t ignore a drug that may be helpful to patients, especially the drug approved by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Therefore, doctors continue to prescribe Tamiflu to patients with high-risk influenza, hoping that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

Paxlovid’s data

Paxlovid’s situation is not exactly the same as Tamiflu’s, but there must be some "historical reappearance": doctors have to make clinical decisions on antiviral drugs for respiratory viruses without sufficient data.

There are two noteworthy facts about the people who participated in the Paxlovid trial. They were not vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine and had never been infected with Covid-19 before.

First of all, even if the Paxlovid trial began in July 2021, only a few Americans were in the category of unvaccinated and uninfected with Covid-19, so the test results were never directly applicable to most Americans.

Secondly, Paxlovid is obviously more effective for people who have not been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine or have never been infected before, so the experiments supporting its use exaggerate the benefits that most people see from the drug.

Maybe you will say that Pfizer has started to test Paxlovid in high-risk population who have been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine, yes, but this trial is a mixture of vaccinated and unvaccinated patients, which may confuse the problem. More importantly, the test results will not be released until November 2022.

On April 29th, Pfizer released a phase II/III clinical (EPIC-PEP) study of Paxlovid for post-exposure prevention. The results show that,Paxlovid failed to reach the main end point, that is, effectively preventing the infection of family members who had contact with confirmed patients in COVID-19.. Therefore, Paxlovid has no preventive effect.

Who cares?

Pfizer’s first experiment exaggerated the efficacy of Paxlovid, which is not surprising, because as a pharmaceutical company, it has endless motivation to maximize its influence and promote sales.

But to everyone’s surprise, the US federal government will buy Paxlovid worth $5 billion, without Pfizer’s quick action to answer this basic question: "How does Paxlovid perform in high-risk groups who have been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine or previously infected?"

Paxlovid costs $530 (about 3,500 yuan) for a five-day course of treatment, but if there is no proper data, it is impossible to judge whether it is a good deal or a bad one. For example, if it is necessary to prescribe 10,000 courses of Paxlovid for people over 65 who have been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine to prevent one hospitalization, then a government may not place an order immediately; On the contrary, if 10 people can avoid a hospitalization by taking Paxlovid, they will be in a hurry to buy more.

However, if we don’t know the performance of Paxlovid in people who have been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine, it is impossible to make such calculations.

In addition, given the history of Tamiflu, the requirements for data transparency and independent review should be cautious.

Some people may say, even if we finally learn that Paxlovid’s benefits from people who have been vaccinated or infected before are greatly weakened, who cares?

But this problem is a symbol of a bigger problem: we lack the much-needed independent review of drug clinical trials.

Americans have seen scandals caused by poor supervision. When Covid-19 appeared, the pharmaceutical industry performed exceptionally well, providing safe and effective vaccines in record time. But before that, many Americans had "learned" not to trust Big Pharma, so many people (tragically) rejected this life-saving intervention.

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Comparison of Action Mechanism between COVID-19 Vaccine and Oral Medicine

The discussion around "vaccine indecision" mainly focuses on false information, but what is missing is to admit that the pharmaceutical industry has wasted public trust for decades.

Instead of continuing to feel depressed about people who have not been vaccinated, we should reflect on ourselves and then start rebuilding the public’s trust step by step, which will be a long-term work.

Notify many people that they have not been vaccinated or affect their travel. Is compulsory vaccination coming？ Five districts and counties responded

Cctv news(Reporter Kan Chunyu): Recently, some media reported that notices were issued in many places across the country, and the failure to vaccinate COVID-19 vaccine would affect travel. Some netizens questioned that this move was compulsory vaccination. In this regard, CCTV reporters conducted an interview.

The staff of the Outreach Center of Ninghai County, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province told CCTV reporters that the documents currently implemented are based on the documents released by Ninghai on WeChat WeChat official account on July 12th. The document emphasizes: "According to the needs of the epidemic prevention and control situation, the contents of the notice issued on July 11 will be adjusted, and this one shall prevail." The new document deleted "In principle, people who have not been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine (except contraindications) are not allowed to enter … … The expression of "key places" only requires the implementation of "two-code joint investigation" of health code and Phnom Penh identification code after COVID-19 vaccination in crowded places. The staff member said that for unvaccinated people, only vaccination is mobilized, and key places are not required to be banned.

The latest circular issued by liandu, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province also requires key places to register and mobilize unvaccinated personnel, and encourages various service industries to take the initiative to introduce preferential consumption measures for those who have been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine. The staff of liandu Administrative Service Examination and Approval Center in Lishui said in an interview with CCTV reporter that at present, only those who have not been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine need to register to enter the center. The staff of liandu COVID-19 Vaccination Shelter said that I need to bring my ID card, medical record or hospital certificate to issue the "COVID-19 Vaccination Contraindication Certificate". He revealed that there are currently "many" people who issue certificates at the inoculation point.

Fu Yiqiu, a staff member of COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control Headquarters in Chongren County, Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province, said that people with vaccination contraindications need to go to county hospitals to issue contraindications. "In fact, our township hospitals and village committees have mastered first-hand information". Fu Yiqiu said that about 80% of the registered population over the age of 18 in Chongren County has been vaccinated. "Anyone who can be vaccinated has been vaccinated. If there is a risk, the doctor will evaluate it." In order to build an immune barrier, Chongren county also mobilized in various transportation hubs and key places to persuade foreigners to vaccinate at mobile vaccination sites.

Dingnan county, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, announced that from July 26th, in principle, people who have not been vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine will not be allowed to enter supermarkets, hospitals, schools, stations and other key public places. In this regard, the staff of dingnan county epidemic prevention and control headquarters said that one shot of vaccine can enter the above-mentioned key places. Dingnan county CDC staff said: "It is impossible to force vaccination, just to mobilize everyone’s enthusiasm. The document also says ‘ In principle ’ It depends on the final execution. "

The staff of COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control Headquarters in Anyuan County, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, said in an interview that the move was in response to the country’s request to improve the vaccination rate of COVID-19. "All localities should push towards this goal. If there is no certain intensity and certain measures, such a goal will not be achieved."

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