标签归档 西安桑拿网

　　　　How can I be anti-Party? Where am I going to turn the party upside down? I grew up in the arms of the party, grew up in the army, and became a rightist. My nerves were a little crazy. Even when I met my child, I thought she was a debt collector. I suspected that I was crazy, so I was frightened. I thought it was better to die than to be crazy. So I thought, there must be a way to save myself.

　　　　Tie Ning was only 15 years old at that time. When her father Tie Yang led her to find me, I was cold-really cold. Because I am still a rightist with my hat off, the rule I set for myself is not to make friends. Because it’s not good for yourself and it’s not good for others.

　　　　His works, like his name, shine in the literary world where the stars shine.

　　　　The "Private Zhang Ga" he created is irreplaceable among countless figures in the history of China literature.

　　　　This is Xu Guangyao.

　　　　A 90-year-old writer who joined the Eighth Route Army at the age of 13 and experienced War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the War of Liberation, the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea and various historical periods after the founding of the People’s Republic of China. His novels "Fire in the Plain" and novella "Private Zhang Ga" are still popular and have influenced readers from generation to generation. Published in 2000, "The West Wind Withered the Green Trees Last Night" won the Lu Xun Literature Award.

　　　　Now, Xu Guangyao’s diary with millions of words will be published soon. Here is the primary color of life, but also a slice of the times. Xu Guangyao’s diary has been kept for more than 70 years, involving three wars of resistance against Japan, liberation and the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, and inevitably involving all previous movements with class struggle as the key link after the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Wen Zhang, a writer, is one of the organizers of Xu Guangyao’s diary. He said that the original ecological and vivid contents presented in Xu Guangyao’s diary can be made into many movies or TV series. Undoubtedly, his diary will expose all the weaknesses of his stubbornness and narrowness in the process of growing up. And these are exactly what many people try to hide. Wen Zhang said: "Xu Lao doesn’t care about personal gains and losses. This is another selfless dedication. Understand this layer, his image can only be taller. "

　　　　Does the publication of Xu Guangyao’s diary reveal the secret history of the literary world? Will these historical materials cause an uproar in the literary world?

　　　　On March 20th, the reporter of Reading Newspaper interviewed the writer Xu Guangyao.

　　　　Zhang Gazi saved my life.

　　　　Reading newspaper: Do you always write by hand? Xu Guangyao: I don’t use a computer, and I can’t surf the Internet now. I’m a "laggard", and I’m really backward. I didn’t expect the Internet to be so rich that life can hardly be cut off from the Internet. I haven’t learned it now, and I don’t have the enterprise to learn it.

　　　　Reading newspaper: Let’s start with Private Zhang Ga, which we are most familiar with. Under what conditions and under what background did you write this work?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: In 1955, the "Ding Chen anti-party clique" was approved. In December 1956, the leading group of the Chinese Writers Association sent me a letter, in which six questions were raised, including whether Ding Ling engaged in personal worship in the Institute of Literature and Research, whether she had engaged in a book doctrine, and whether she had any dissatisfaction with Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China. I wrote a reply. Because the facts stated in this letter were beneficial to Ding Ling’s conviction, when she turned against the Rightists in 1957, she was accused of "reversing Ding Ling’s conviction" and branded me as an "anti-Party and anti-socialist rightist".

　　　　After fighting me for three or four months, I became familiar with it, so I thought behind closed doors, didn’t give any tasks, didn’t have anything to do, and nobody cared about me. I struggled in my own room: I joined the Eighth Route Army at the age of 13, joined the party at the age of 13, and worked in the secret department of the party. I have always performed well and am a very reliable backbone figure of the party. Just because he wrote a letter seeking truth from facts, he became an anti-party element and a rightist? I can’t accept this in my heart, and I want to be wronged. How can I be anti-Party? Where am I going to turn the party upside down? I grew up in the arms of the party, grew up in the army, and became a rightist. My nerves were a little crazy. Even when I met my child, I thought she was a debt collector. I suspected that I was crazy, so I was frightened. I thought it was better to die than to be crazy. So I thought, there must be a way to save myself.

　　　　I read a lot of books and twelve collections of Shakespeare’s plays. After reading them, I closed the books to sum up my gains, but I couldn’t remember any of them. I want to repeat the specific plot of the script, but I can’t think of it at all. I think I’m crazy! I must try my best to save myself, and I must be rescued from the mire of "self-fighting" that I have been wronged.

　　　　Reading newspaper: how to save it?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: At this moment, it suddenly occurred to me that I read a psychology book, which said that when people encounter great setbacks, if they don’t control them properly, they will have schizophrenia, which is very dangerous. Is there any way to cure it? There are eight words in the book: "concentrate and change direction".

　　　　I think that the most effective way to "change direction" is to create. There was a little guy named Staring Tiger in the Fire in the Plain that I published at that time. He was very active at the beginning of the book, but he didn’t get a chance to show him later, and his wilting ended.

　　　　This has become my regret. This character became the later Gazi.

　　　　I’m not satisfied with my personality. I’m dull and inactive. I don’t like this kind of personality. I like Gazi, so I thought about what Gazi I met in my life. I wanted to write down one on my desk, and Ga people kept a long list. I put them in a war environment to arrange them, which are childish, which are progressive and which are mature. After arrangement, Ga.

　　　　"Private Zhang Ga" is my savior. He pulled me to "divert my direction" so as to forget all the things I was wronged and punished, and my body recovered quickly.

　　　　Reading newspaper: I made a movie later.

　　　　Xu Guangyao: At first, I didn’t write a novel, but I wrote a screenplay first. It’s easier to write a movie, so I don’t have to work hard on language. As a result, the film was written in the middle, and I couldn’t write any more about how Gazi came out after being confined. Gazi has a personality. If he criticizes him, he will argue with the leader. Once the film is argued, the play can’t be seen. I was disheartened and thought I had never made a movie, so I’d better write a novel! So I went back to writing a novel. The novel was written smoothly. After it was finished, I went back to writing a movie, dealt with it in a tactful way, and the movie script was completed. Shortly thereafter, I was officially labeled as a rightist, and novels and movie scripts were put at the bottom of the box.

　　　　I transformed the farm very well. One year later, I took off my rightist hat and became a staff member of Baoding Federation of Literary and Art Circles. From 1959 to 1961, during the three-year difficult period, the party’s policy was relaxed for intellectuals. Zhang Qingtian, editor of Hebei Literature, went to Baoding to solicit contributions and asked me if I had any novels. I asked, "Do you dare to send my things?" He said stiffly, "I dare to ask!" " I gave him the novel Private Zhang Ga. He finished reading the novel on his way back, and wrote back to me soon: "Despite the axe gouge, we decided to publish it."

　　　　At the end of 1961, Hebei Literature published Private Zhang Ga.

　　　　Reading newspaper: This work is a blockbuster. After so many years, it has been regarded as a "red classic". What inspiration does the success of Private Zhang Ga give us?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: In retrospect, I did my best in several books. "Private Zhang Ga" is unique and full of images. I wrote it with all my energy and self-help mentality. The hero I choose is my favorite character all my life, which is my ideal personality, so it is very enjoyable to write, and there are many associations. Moreover, this association seems to fly from the sky, which is more tenable in shaping characters.

　　　　I feel that whether writing a novel or a drama, whether it is a novella or a long story or a short story, the most important thing is the characters. China’s literary history strongly proves this point. A Dream of Red Mansions, Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin by The Journey to the West, the real classic works have very typical characters. We can forget the story, but we can’t forget the characters, who grew up with us in real life, like Zhuge Liang, who is a model of wit; Cao Cao is a villain, but the author writes many things about him very lovely; Xifeng is a vicious character, and her moral character is very bad, but the author also writes her very cute. It is a great skill to write the villain cute. I once said that I would be satisfied if I wrote 5,000 words like A Dream of Red Mansions all my life. Private Zhang Ga was created by me with my life. It has been published for almost 60 years, and it is printed once or twice every year, and it has not been interrupted during the Cultural Revolution.

　　　　Reading newspaper: How many books did you say you did your best? What other books?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: The Fire in the Plain is a first novel, with good influence and good sales. Another one is "The West Wind Withered Green Trees Last Night", which is also a work written by me with all my vitality. This life has come to an end with this work.

　　　　I have an anti-rightist complex.

　　　　Reading newspaper: Many of your works are anti-Japanese themes, except "The West Wind withered the green trees last night".

　　　　Xu Guangyao: As I said, I have two major complexes in my life, one is the anti-Japanese complex, and the other is the anti-Rightist complex. The anti-Japanese complex makes most of my novels about anti-Japanese, and three of the four films are about anti-Japanese. I couldn’t have written those works without the experience of the Anti-Japanese War. I hardly have any works without the Anti-Japanese War.

　　　　Last night, the west wind withered the green trees is another complex work of mine. After I was beaten to the right in 1958, my thoughts changed a lot, which can be said to be a lot of development. My view of the world is not as simple as before, and it is more realistic and conforms to the laws of reality. But one thing, I have been wronged, which I will never let go of.

　　　　I didn’t write "The West Wind Withered Green Trees Last Night" immediately after I was rehabilitated, but I thought about it for many years. The general reaction of readers who have read this book is that Xu Guangyao was wronged, but he wrote calmly and didn’t get angry. I wrote this work in the hope of summing up the lessons of the 1957 movement for the party and the people, to tell a few words of truth and to write down the painful lessons. The words I wrote in the last paragraph of my work are politically sharp, but that’s what I really think. I should write and do that.

　　　　Reading newspaper: When did your literary hobby begin? Who are the works and writers that have the greatest influence on you?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: My father is a literary lover. When he was young, he worked with a theatrical troupe and had many plays in his mind. In the evening, my father often told us stories, including The Journey to the West’s Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, as well as folk stories, Xue Rengui, king cat and Biography of Bao Gong. This gives me the impression that chivalrous men, chivalrous men and swordsmen are all people in the world who can save human suffering. There are four or five picture books at home. I don’t know how many times I have read them, and I have memorized them all. One year, my father bought some New Year pictures from Yangliuqing, Tianjin, and sold them on the album. I read the topic to people who bought the pictures. My father bought The Three Chivalrous Swords from Tianjin and asked my brother to read it to his neighbors. Half way through, my brother went to work, and my neighbors were very discouraged. My father asked me to read it to my neighbors. This reading shocked the villagers, who said that such a young child could read. This made me very proud. I read night after night, very proud, and at the same time I was infected and trained in writing. Whether it’s Fire in the Plain or Private Zhang Ga, some sentences are obviously borrowed from traditional novels. Later, I also read some old novels circulated by the people and wrote down these stories after reading them, which trained my language expression and writing ability. I’m always at the top of my composition at school, which is directly related to my ability to read old novels.

　　　　Reading newspaper: Have you changed your understanding and attitude towards literature?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: In the past, when reading foreign works, including Tolstoy and Hugo’s works, I understood literary works according to Mao Zedong’s speech at the Yan ‘an Forum on Literature and Art; In the new era, especially after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, a large number of foreign literary works came in. At this time, I accepted it again. I was not as stubborn as before the Cultural Revolution, so I resisted, such as the theory of human nature, which was always criticized in the past. I have made a lot of progress in accepting the avant-garde and stream of consciousness in specific creative methods.

　　　　Reading newspaper: Tie Ning once expressed your influence on her when she was interviewed by reading newspaper. In addition to the influence of your creation on the readers, you are still a good Bole. Where do you think a writer is a good seed of creation?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: The first time I saw Tie Ning’s works, I got two impressions. First, the language is fluent and has a potential beauty. Language is a major factor in expressing genius in literary works; The second is to paint and express the image, which is very keen and vivid. This is the skill that literary creation should have. Tie Ning was only 15 years old at that time. When her father Tie Yang led her to find me, I was cold-really cold. Because I am still a rightist with my hat off, the rule I set for myself is not to make friends. Because it’s not good for yourself and it’s not good for others. Tie Ning wanted to read to me, but I said I wouldn’t listen to the reading, so I would have a good look when I was quiet. Indeed, they were there, and it was too late to express their opinions immediately. I was still serious about my work. I said you can talk about it next Saturday. When we met again, my attitude changed immediately, and I said several "really not simple" words to Tie Ning.

　　　　Tie Ning is a genius.

　　　　Reading newspaper: Tie Ning said that you had a decisive influence on her life.

　　　　Xu Guangyao: "Decisive influence" is absolutely unworthy. I have a point that writers are not cultivated. If they can be cultivated, all the children of writers can become writers. I didn’t admit that there was a genius in literature before, and I didn’t admit it until the iron was set. She is a genius. She can be a genius without going through me. At that time, she was admitted to Shanghai Ballet Academy, and she had passed the interview. She was thinking about literature, so her father led her to me, thinking that her conduct was not good. I affirmed her work and said it was a novel. Tie Ning stopped going to Shanghai and decided to experience life in the countryside. That’s what I do, nothing else.

　　　　Later, when she jumped the queue, she wrote a novel and wrote "Oh, Xiang Xue". Sun Li said to Tie Ning: My novel is not as good as yours! I don’t think I can speak. I have no ability to evaluate her works. I am not a person who has a long-term influence on Tie Ning, but Tie Ning has helped me a lot. I have learned a lot from her.

　　　　Reading newspaper: So who has the greatest influence on you?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: I am a personal struggler. I am a strong person myself, and I have the spirit of self-struggle. When I was a child, I had the ambition to be a man. I wanted to do something real and get ahead in some ways. I was deeply impressed by the lectures given by Chen Qixia and Xiao Yin in the Literature Department of North China United University, which helped me to know more about the basic knowledge of literature.

　　　　Reading newspaper: How did Ding Ling influence you?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: Ding Ling likes me very much and values me. I quoted two letters from her in Last Night’s West Wind Withered Blue Trees. One is her reply after I wrote to her when I met some difficulties and confusion when I lived in North Korea. First, when I graduated from the Institute of Literature and Art, I wrote her a letter and got her reply. The two letters were really good, really good. When I was anti-Rightists, I was ordered to hand in two letters. When I read them again, I was still extremely moved. I handed in the original letter and secretly copied a copy of it myself. Everyone will be moved when they read them. A few words in the letter will never be forgotten. She said: "It’s not terrible not to write for a while, but to write badly all my life." He also said, "Don’t always remember that you are a writer, but forget yourself." It was very profound. I often use these words to spur myself in the future: I don’t write much, but I try my best to write well.

　　　　Naked diarist

　　　　Reading newspaper: What’s the difference between Xu Guangyao, a literary writer, and Xu Guangyao, a diary owner?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: I keep a diary. I just practice writing. Train my expression and writing skills. Keeping a diary is completely naked, and you really tell yourself. I get angry when someone steals a look, and even my wife reads my diary, which makes me very unhappy. As the author of a diary, I am naked in my position in the world, which is impossible in literary creation. Writing should write down my most proud and shining place.

　　　　Reading newspaper: How does the publication of diary help to understand your works?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: The diary wrote about people like me, my anti-Japanese war, my schooling and land reform, and the war to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea. The things recorded here are of reference value for understanding how the times advanced and how they breathed at that time, and have certain documentary historical materials. After all, although they are personal activities, they reflect the voice of the times. Take those three wars as an example. If anyone is interested in studying them, my diary will provide something useful.

　　　　Reading newspaper: when you write a diary, you never want to show it to others, let alone publish it. It’s very true. But once it is published and sorted out, does it need special treatment?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: Some swearing words should not be made public, not only for fear that some people mentioned or their children will protest-this is secondary, mainly because a negative emotion should not be publicized. Others are secrets. For example, in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, there are many truths that can’t be said. For fear of revealing military secrets, I dare not say that I am digging a tunnel, but I will say it differently. When I write about Di Liangzhuang, I will write the word "Di". All these things will be handled by readers in order to make them understand.

　　　　Reading newspaper: After so many wars and various sports, you yourself have experienced many hardships, so is the preservation of your diary also very tortuous?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: There was no problem after liberation. I started to keep a diary in 1941. The people expressed their sympathy for some things sent by the People’s Liberation Army. I got a diary. When I started writing, I wrote seven or eight sentences a day. Wang Changjiang, my brigade commander, opened my diary and smiled: "Xu Guangyao, you wrote a dime to buy peanuts in your diary!" I said, "It’s a big deal to send a dollar a month and take out one tenth to buy peanuts." Every time I March, I write down the villages I have passed. Later, this diary was lost. If it is preserved today, it will be even more precious.

　　　　Reading newspaper: What secret literary history will be revealed in your diary?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: I didn’t know there was a secret history in the literary world. I have experienced some class struggles in the literary and art circles, and my diary inevitably records some situations of such struggles. There are not many secrets, or there are, but I don’t know. What impressed me most was the anti-Rightists, and what I knew and felt was described in Last Night’s West Wind Withered Green Trees.

　　　　Reading newspaper: Your diary has several basic principles, such as consensus, voluntariness, loyalty, accuracy and completeness. Can it only be relative? If it is completely published, will some contents cause an uproar in the literary world? Do you have any concerns?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: Loyalty is certain. It’s hard to say exactly. It’s my personal vision, and my vision is limited.

　　　　I have this concern. I have shown myself and the whole history, and I have a great analysis of myself. Some people who may be mentioned and their descendants are unhappy.

　　　　Reading newspaper: What made you overcome your worries? In the eyes of many readers, you are a noble image. Now exposing your shortcomings will affect readers’ views on you?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: If it’s good for people, it’s no harm to sacrifice yourself. In the preface of the diary, I said that I now realize that it was my fault that I thought it was others’ fault, and modern people would understand it. I also criticized my own shortcomings and mistakes in my diary. Whether it will destroy my image in the readers’ minds is inevitable. I don’t care.

　　　　The current anti-Japanese war works are fabricated.

　　　　Reading newspaper: Do you pay attention to the current works on the theme of the Anti-Japanese War?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: I was disappointed and a little angry. Most of them are exaggerated and fabricated. It’s not true in my eyes, but it’s fake at first sight, and there’s no basis. I also compiled Fire in the Plain, but there are real events to support it. Now the work is not true at first, and it can’t move me.

　　　　If you have a genius, it is still possible to write something real. In the future, some people will write about War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, which should be serious writing. They really possess materials and have a high artistic accomplishment, but they can still write good works.

　　　　Reading newspaper: Do you have any idea to write one yourself?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: If I were young, I really had a good theme, and the topic was "The General Coming to Us". This theme has been installed for decades, and now it is rotten in my stomach. People are people I admire very much. They are very lively, and they are viewed from a modern perspective, not from the past. If you really write it, you will die in print.

　　　　Reading newspaper: Is it possible to cooperate with others by dictation?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: I can’t tell stories. A Soviet writer said that there are two kinds of writers, one is to conceive with the brain; One is that the story can only be written if you pick up a pen. I am the second kind. I wanted to write, either interrupted by this or that. God forbid me to write this. I feel sorry for my lack of strength now.

　　　　Reading Newspaper: North China is the main battlefield of the Anti-Japanese War behind enemy lines, and its writers are also rich in strength, including Li Yingru’s Wildfire and Spring Breeze Fighting against the Ancient City, Feng Zhi’s Armed Forces Behind Enemy Lines, Liu Liu’s Fire and Gold Steel, Li Xiaoming and Han Anqing’s Gunshots in the Plain, Sun Li’s The Story of the Storm and the Chronicle of Baiyangdian. How do you evaluate yourself as a member of North China writers?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: I am a second-rate person. Like Sun Li and Liang Bin, they are first-class. It’s not easy for me to be a second-rate person.

　　　　Reading newspaper: You mentioned your regret just now, so is there anything you are most proud of?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: A man wanted to write a biography for me, and thought that I had three great contributions, one was writing Private Zhang Ga, the other was discovering Tie Ning, and the third was writing The West Wind withered the green trees last night. I feel better myself, one is Private Zhang Ga, and the other is The West Wind Withered the Green Trees Last Night. I didn’t find the iron condensate. It would be great if I really found out.

　　　　Reading newspaper: What characteristics do you think excellent works should have?

　　　　Xu Guangyao: First, writing about people. The ultimate goal of literature is to write about people. There must be typical, plump and vivid figures who can stand on the world forever and become immortal figures. The second is language. I don’t pay much attention to language when I look at current literary works. I pay great attention to language. My own language is not good, but I work hard. Literary works should be beautiful, accurate, vivid and vivid. The third is thinking, which requires profound thinking. At least these three factors must be met.

Notice on printing and distributing the operation guide for the cooperation mode of government and social capital (for Trial Implementation)
Caijin [2014] No.113

The finance departments (bureaus) of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities under separate state planning, and the Finance Bureau of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps:

According to the Notice of the Ministry of Finance on Issues Related to Popularizing and Applying the Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (No.76 [2014] of the Ministry of Finance), in order to ensure the implementation quality of cooperation projects between government and social capital, and standardize the operation procedures of each link of project identification, preparation, procurement, implementation and handover, the Operation Guide for Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (for Trial Implementation) is hereby issued, please follow it.

Attachment: Operation Guide for Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (Trial)

the Ministry of Finance
November 29th, 2014

Attachment:

Guide to the operation of cooperation mode between government and social capital
(Trial)

Chapter I General Provisions

the first In order to popularize and apply the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) scientifically and normatively, According to the Budget Law of the People’s Republic of China, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government Procurement Law, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Contract Law, the State Council’s Opinions on Strengthening the Management of Local Government Debt (Guo Fa [2014] No.43), the State Council’s Decision on Deepening the Reform of Budget Management System (Guo Fa [2014] No.45) and the Notice of the Ministry of Finance on Promoting and Applying the Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (Cai

the second The term "social capital" as mentioned in this Guide refers to domestic and foreign enterprise legal persons who have established a modern enterprise system, but does not include financing platform companies owned by the government at the same level and other holding state-owned enterprises.

Article This guide is applicable to regulate the activities of the government, social capital and other participants in the identification, preparation, procurement, implementation and handover of cooperation projects between the government and social capital.

Article 4 The financial department should adhere to the basic principles of the socialist market economy, strengthen coordination with relevant government departments in the spirit of system innovation and cooperative contract, actively play the role of third-party professional institutions, and comprehensively coordinate the cooperative management of government and social capital.

The financial departments of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, cities under separate state planning and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps should actively set up government and social capital cooperation centers or designate specialized agencies to perform the duties of planning guidance, financing support, identification and evaluation, consulting services, publicity and training, performance evaluation, information statistics, expert database and project library construction.

Article 5 All participants should follow the principles of fairness, justice, openness, honesty and credibility, and implement government and social capital cooperation projects in a legal, standardized and efficient manner.

Chapter II Project Identification

Article 6 Infrastructure and public service projects with large investment scale, long-term stable demand, flexible price adjustment mechanism and high degree of marketization are suitable for government and social capital cooperation mode.

Government and social capital cooperation projects are initiated by the government or social capital, mainly by the government.

(1) initiated by the government.

The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) should be responsible for collecting potential government and social capital cooperation projects from the competent departments of transportation, housing construction, environmental protection, energy, education, medical care, physical fitness and cultural facilities. The competent department of industry can select potential projects from the new construction, reconstruction projects or stock public assets in the national economic and social development planning and industry special planning.

(2) Initiation of social capital.

Social capital should recommend potential government and social capital cooperation projects to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) in the form of project proposal.

Article 7 The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall, jointly with the industry authorities, evaluate and screen potential government and social capital cooperation projects and determine alternative projects. The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall formulate the annual and medium-term development plan of the project according to the screening results.

For the projects included in the annual development plan, the project sponsor shall submit relevant materials according to the requirements of the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center). The feasibility study report, project output description and preliminary implementation plan shall be submitted for new construction and reconstruction projects; The stock project shall submit the historical data, project output description and preliminary implementation plan of the stock public assets.

Article 8 The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) will carry out value-for-money evaluation from both qualitative and quantitative aspects in conjunction with the competent departments of the industry. Quantitative evaluation work is carried out by all localities according to the actual situation.

Qualitative evaluation focuses on whether the cooperation mode of government and social capital can increase supply, optimize risk distribution, improve operational efficiency, promote innovation and fair competition compared with the traditional government procurement mode.

Quantitative evaluation mainly compares the present value of government expenditure cost with the comparative value of public sector in the whole life cycle of government and social capital cooperation projects, calculates the value for money of the projects, and judges whether the cooperation mode of government and social capital reduces the whole life cycle cost of the projects.

Article 9 In order to ensure the long-term financial sustainability, the financial department should demonstrate the financial affordability of some projects paid or subsidized by the government according to the financial expenditure, government debt and other factors in the whole life cycle of the project, and the annual financial expenditure such as government payment or government subsidy should not exceed a certain proportion of the current fiscal revenue.

Projects that pass the value-for-money evaluation and financial affordability demonstration can be prepared.

Chapter III Project Preparation

Article 10 Local people’s governments at or above the county level may establish a special coordination mechanism, which is mainly responsible for project evaluation, organization and coordination, inspection and supervision, etc., so as to simplify the examination and approval process and improve work efficiency. The government or its designated relevant functional departments or institutions can be used as project implementation agencies, responsible for project preparation, procurement, supervision and handover.

Article 11 The project implementation agency shall organize the preparation of the project implementation plan, and introduce the following contents in turn:

(1) Overview of the project.

The general situation of the project mainly includes the basic situation, economic and technical indicators and the equity of the project company.

The basic situation mainly defines the contents of public products and services provided by the project, the necessity and feasibility of the project operating in the mode of cooperation between government and social capital, and the objectives and significance of the project operation.

Economic and technical indicators mainly define the project location, area, construction content or asset scope, investment scale or asset value, main output description and source of funds.

The equity of the project company mainly clarifies whether to set up the project company and the company’s equity structure.

(2) Basic framework of risk allocation.

According to the principles of risk allocation optimization, risk-return equivalence and risk control, the project risk is reasonably distributed between the government and social capital by comprehensively considering factors such as government risk management ability, project return mechanism and market risk management ability.

In principle, commercial risks such as project design, construction, finance, operation and maintenance are borne by social capital, risks such as laws, policies and minimum demand are borne by the government, and risks such as force majeure are reasonably shared by the government and social capital.

(3) Project operation mode.

Project operation modes mainly include entrusted operation, contract management, construction-operation-handover, construction-ownership-operation, transfer-operation-handover and reconstruction-operation-handover.

The choice of specific operation mode is mainly determined by the charging pricing mechanism, the level of project investment income, the basic framework of risk allocation, financing demand, reconstruction and expansion demand and expiration disposal.

(4) the transaction structure.

The transaction structure mainly includes the project investment and financing structure, return mechanism and related supporting arrangements.

The investment and financing structure of the project mainly explains the source, nature and purpose of the capital expenditure of the project, the formation and transfer of the project assets, etc.

The project return mechanism mainly explains the source of funds for social capital to obtain investment return, including payment methods such as user payment, feasibility gap subsidy and government payment.

Relevant supporting arrangements mainly explain the supporting facilities such as land, water, electricity, gas and roads provided by relevant institutions outside the project and the upstream and downstream services required by the project.

(5) Contract system.

The contract system mainly includes project contract, shareholder contract, financing contract, project contract, operation service contract, raw material supply contract, product purchase contract and insurance contract. The project contract is the core legal document.

The project boundary conditions are the core content of the project contract, mainly including the boundaries of rights and obligations, transaction conditions, performance guarantee and adjustment and convergence.

The boundary of rights and obligations mainly defines the ownership of project assets, the public responsibility assumed by social capital, the way of government payment and the result of risk distribution.

The boundary of trading conditions mainly defines the project contract term, project return mechanism, charging pricing adjustment mechanism and output description.

The boundary of performance guarantee mainly defines the compulsory insurance scheme and the performance guarantee system consisting of investment competition guarantee, construction performance guarantee, operation and maintenance guarantee and handover maintenance guarantee.

The adjustment of the convergence boundary mainly defines the response measures such as emergency handling, temporary takeover and early termination, contract change, contract extension, and the demand for new expansion and expansion of the project.

(6) Regulatory framework.

The supervision structure mainly includes authorization relationship and supervision mode. The authorization relationship mainly refers to the government’s authorization to the project implementation agency and the government’s authorization to social capital directly or through the project implementation agency; Supervision methods mainly include performance management, administrative supervision and public supervision.

(7) Selection of procurement methods.

Project procurement shall be carried out in accordance with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Municipal Government Procurement Law and relevant rules and regulations, and the procurement methods include public bidding, competitive negotiation, invited bidding, competitive negotiation and single-source procurement. Project implementation agencies should choose appropriate procurement methods according to the characteristics of project procurement needs.

Open bidding is mainly applicable to projects with clear and complete core boundary conditions and technical and economic parameters, which are in line with national laws and regulations and government procurement policies and will not be changed in procurement.

Article 12 The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall verify the value for money and financial affordability of the project implementation plan, and if it passes the verification, the project implementation agency shall report it to the government for review; If it fails to pass the verification, it can be re-verified after the implementation plan is adjusted; If it still fails to pass the re-verification, the cooperation mode of government and social capital will no longer be adopted.

Chapter IV Project Procurement

Article 13 Project implementation agencies should prepare pre-qualification documents according to the needs of the project, issue a pre-qualification announcement, invite social capital and financial institutions cooperating with them to participate in the pre-qualification, verify whether the project can obtain social capital response and achieve full competition, and submit the pre-qualification review report to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) for the record.

If there are more than three social capitals in the project that have passed the prequalification, the project implementation agency may continue to carry out the preparation of procurement documents; If there are less than three social capitals that have passed the prequalification, the project implementation agency shall reorganize the prequalification after the implementation plan is adjusted; If the social capital of the project is still not enough after re-prequalification, the procurement method selected by the implementation plan can be adjusted according to law.

Article 14 The pre-qualification announcement shall be published in the media designated by the financial department of the people’s government at or above the provincial level. If the pre-qualified social capital changes its qualification before signing the project contract, it shall promptly notify the project implementation agency.

The prequalification announcement shall include the authorized subject of the project, the project implementing agency and the project name, the procurement demand, the qualification requirements for social capital, whether the consortium is allowed to participate in procurement activities, the number and determination method of qualified social capital to be determined, and the time and place for social capital to submit the prequalification application documents. The time for submitting pre-qualification application documents shall not be less than 15 working days from the date of announcement.

Article 15 Project procurement documents shall include procurement invitation, instructions to competitors (including sealing, signing and stamping requirements, etc.), qualification, credit standing and performance certification documents that competitors should provide, procurement method, government authorization to project implementation agencies, approval of implementation plan and project-related approval documents, procurement procedures, requirements for preparation of response documents, deadline for submitting response documents, opening time and place, amount and form of compulsory guarantee deposit payment, evaluation method, evaluation standard and government procurement policy.

In case of competitive negotiation or competitive negotiation procurement, the project procurement documents shall specify the contents that may be substantially changed by the evaluation team according to the negotiation with social capital, including the technical and service requirements in the procurement requirements and the terms of the draft contract, in addition to the contents specified in the preceding paragraph.

Article 16 The review team consists of more than 5 representatives of project implementation agencies and review experts, of which the number of review experts shall not be less than 2/3 of the total number of review team members. Evaluation experts can be selected by the project implementation agency, but the evaluation experts should include at least one financial expert and one legal expert. The representative of the project implementation agency shall not participate in the project review as an expert.

Article 17 If the project adopts public bidding, invitation bidding, competitive negotiation and single-source procurement, it shall be implemented in accordance with government procurement laws, regulations and relevant regulations.

If the project is purchased by competitive negotiation, it shall be conducted in accordance with the following basic procedures:

(a) procurement announcement and registration.

The announcement of competitive consultation shall be published in the media designated by the financial department of the people’s government at or above the provincial level. The announcement of competitive consultation shall include the project implementing agency and project name, project structure and core boundary conditions, whether social capital that has not been prequalified is allowed to participate in procurement activities, as well as the review principle, project output description, requirements for response documents provided by social capital, time, place and method of obtaining procurement documents, price of procurement documents, deadline for submitting response documents, opening time and place. The time for submitting response documents shall not be less than 10 days from the date of announcement.

(two) qualification examination and procurement documents for sale.

If the qualification has been pre-qualified, the review team will no longer review the social capital qualification at the review stage. If the post-qualification review is allowed, the review team will review the qualifications of social capital in the review of response documents. The project implementation agency may, depending on the specific circumstances of the project, organize the inspection and verification of the qualifications of qualified social capital.

The selling price of procurement documents shall be determined in accordance with the principle of making up the printing cost of procurement documents, and shall not be for profit, and shall not be based on the purchase amount of the project. The sale period of procurement documents shall not be less than 5 working days from the date of commencement.

(3) Clarification or modification of procurement documents.

Before the deadline for submitting the first response document, the project implementation agency may make necessary clarifications or modifications to the issued procurement documents, and the contents of clarification or modification shall be regarded as an integral part of the procurement documents. If the clarification or modification may affect the preparation of the response document, the project implementation agency shall notify all social capital that have obtained the procurement document in writing at least 5 days before the deadline for submitting the first response document; Less than 5 days, the project implementation agency shall postpone the deadline for submission of response documents.

(4) Response document review.

The project implementation agency shall organize the receipt and opening of response documents in accordance with the provisions of the procurement documents.

The review team will review the response documents in two stages:

The first stage: determine the final purchase demand plan. The review team can negotiate with social capital for several rounds. During the negotiation, the technical and service requirements of the procurement documents and the terms of the draft contract can be substantially revised, but the non-negotiable core conditions stipulated in the procurement documents can not be revised. The content of substantive changes must be confirmed by the project implementation agency and notified to all social capital participating in the negotiation. The specific procedures shall be implemented in accordance with the Measures for the Administration of Non-tendering Methods of Government Procurement and relevant regulations.

The second stage: comprehensive score. After the final procurement demand plan is determined, the review team will comprehensively score the final response documents submitted by social capital, prepare the review report and submit the ranking list of candidate social capital to the project implementation agency. The specific procedures shall be implemented in accordance with the Measures for the Administration of Bidding for Government Procurement of Goods and Services and relevant regulations.

Article 18 The project implementing agency shall, in the pre-qualification announcement, procurement announcement, procurement documents and procurement contracts, specify the preferential measures and scope for domestic social capital, the requirements for foreign social capital to purchase goods and services produced in China and other relevant government procurement policies, as well as the mandatory guarantee requirements for social capital to participate in procurement activities and performance guarantee. Social capital should pay the deposit in non-cash forms such as checks, bills of exchange, promissory notes or letters of guarantee issued by financial institutions and guarantee institutions. The amount of the deposit for participating in procurement activities shall not exceed 2% of the project budget. The amount of performance bond shall not exceed 10% of the total initial investment or asset evaluation value of government and social capital cooperation projects. For service cooperation projects with no fixed assets investment or small investment, the amount of performance bond shall not exceed the average service income of 6 months.

Article 19 The project implementation agency shall organize social capital to conduct on-site inspection or hold a question-and-answer meeting before purchasing, but it shall not organize on-site inspection and question-and-answer meeting with only one social capital alone or separately.

Article 20 The project implementation agency shall set up a special negotiation working group to confirm the procurement results. According to the ranking of the candidate social capitals, the candidate social capitals and the financial institutions that cooperate with them shall negotiate the confirmation of the variable details in the contract before signing, and the winner shall be the first to reach an agreement. Confirm that the negotiation shall not involve the non-negotiable core clauses in the contract, and shall not renegotiate with the social capital ranked first but whose negotiation has been terminated.

Article 21 After the confirmation negotiation is completed, the project implementation agency shall sign a confirmation negotiation memorandum with the selected social capital, and publicize the procurement results and the contract text drawn up according to the procurement documents, response documents, addendum documents and confirmation negotiation memorandum. The publicity period shall not be less than 5 working days. The contract text should take the important commitments and technical documents in the successful social capital response document as annexes. The contents involving state secrets and commercial secrets in the contract text may not be publicized.

After the expiration of the publicity period, the project contract without objection shall be signed by the project implementation agency and the selected social capital after the approval of the government.

If it is necessary to set up a special project company for the project, after the establishment of the project company, the project company and the project implementation agency will re-sign the project contract or sign a supplementary contract to inherit the project contract.

The project implementation agency shall, within 2 working days from the date of signing the project contract, announce the project contract in the media designated by the financial department of the people’s government at or above the provincial level, except for the contents involving state secrets and commercial secrets in the contract.

Article 22 The financial departments of the people’s governments at all levels shall strengthen the supervision and inspection of the procurement activities of PPP projects, and deal with the illegal acts in the procurement activities in a timely manner.

Chapter V Project Implementation

Article 23 Social capital can set up project companies according to law. The government may designate relevant institutions to participate in the project company according to law. Project implementation agencies and financial departments (government and social capital cooperation center) should supervise social capital to set up the project company in full and on time in accordance with the procurement documents and project contracts.

Article 24 Project financing is the responsibility of social capital or project company. Social capital or project companies should promptly carry out financing scheme design, institutional contact, contract signing and financing delivery. Financial departments (government and social capital cooperation center) and project implementation agencies should do a good job in supervision and management to prevent corporate debts from being transferred to the government.

If the social capital or the project company fails to complete the financing as agreed in the project contract, the government may withdraw the performance bond until the project contract is terminated; In case of systemic financial risks or force majeure, the government, social capital or the project company may revise the relevant financing clauses in the contract through consultation according to the project contract.

When the project has major operational or financial risks, which threaten or infringe the interests of creditors, creditors can request social capital or project company to improve management according to the direct intervention agreement or terms signed with the government, social capital or project company. Within the time limit stipulated in the direct intervention agreement or terms, if the major risk has been lifted, the creditor shall stop intervening.

Article 25 The government payment obligations involved in the project contract shall be considered by the financial department in combination with the medium and long-term financial planning, incorporated into the government budget at the same level, and implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of budget management. The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) and the project implementation agency shall establish a government payment ledger for government and social capital cooperation projects, and strictly control the government financial risks. After the establishment of the government’s comprehensive financial reporting system, the government’s payment obligations in the cooperation projects between the government and social capital should be included in the government’s comprehensive financial reporting.

Article 26 The project implementation agency shall, according to the project contract, supervise the social capital or the project company to fulfill its contractual obligations, regularly monitor the project output performance indicators, prepare quarterly and annual reports, and report them to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) for the record.

If the government has the obligation to pay, the project implementing agency shall, according to the output description agreed in the project contract and actual performance, directly or notify the financial department to pay the social capital or the project company in full and on time. If an excess income sharing mechanism is set up, social capital or the project company shall pay the excess income to the government in full and on time according to the project contract.

If the actual performance of the project is better than the agreed standard, the project implementing agency shall implement the incentive clauses agreed in the project contract, which can be used as the basis for whether the contract can be extended at the expiration of the project; If it fails to meet the agreed standards, the project implementation agency shall implement the punishment clauses or relief measures agreed in the project contract.

Article 27 If social capital or the project company violates the project contract, threatening the sustained, stable and safe supply of public goods and services, or endangering national security and major public interests, the government has the right to temporarily take over the project until the early termination procedure of the project is started.

The government may designate qualified institutions to implement temporary takeover. All expenses arising from the temporary takeover of the project will be borne by the defaulting party alone or shared by the responsible parties according to the project contract. Social capital or the temporary takeover expenses that the project company should bear can be deducted from its due termination compensation.

Article 28 In the process of project contract execution and management, project implementing agencies should focus on contract revision, liability for breach of contract and dispute resolution.

(1) Revision of the contract.

According to the conditions and procedures agreed in the project contract, the project implementing agency and social capital or the project company can apply for revising the project contract according to the changes in the social and economic environment, the demand and structure of public goods and services, and implement it after being examined and approved by the government.

(2) Liability for breach of contract.

If the project implementing agency, social capital or project company fails to fulfill the obligations stipulated in the project contract, they shall bear the corresponding liabilities for breach of contract, including stopping the infringement, eliminating the impact, paying liquidated damages, compensating the losses and dissolving the project contract.

(3) Dispute settlement.

In the process of project implementation, according to the project contract, the project implementation agency, social capital or project company may apply for arbitration or bring a civil lawsuit in accordance with the law on matters that are controversial and cannot be reached through consultation.

Article 29 The project implementation agency shall conduct a mid-term evaluation of the project every 3-5 years, focusing on the analysis of the project operation status and the compliance, adaptability and rationality of the project contract; Timely assess the risks of problems found, formulate countermeasures, and report to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) for the record.

Article 30 Relevant functional departments of the government should perform administrative supervision duties on the project according to relevant national laws and regulations, focusing on the quality of public products and services, price and charging mechanism, safe production, environmental protection and workers’ rights and interests.

If the social capital or the project company refuses to accept the administrative supervision decision of the government functional departments, it may apply for administrative reconsideration or bring an administrative lawsuit according to law.

Article 31 The government, social capital or project company should publicly disclose the relevant information of the project according to law, protect the public’s right to know and accept social supervision.

Social capital or project company shall disclose the quantity and quality of project output, project operation status and other information. The government should disclose the contract terms, performance monitoring reports, mid-term evaluation reports and major changes or terminations of government and social capital cooperation projects that do not involve state secrets or commercial secrets.

If the public and project stakeholders find that the project is illegal or in breach of contract, or the public products and services are not up to standard, they can submit it to the government functional departments for supervision and inspection.

Chapter VI Project Handover

Article 32 When the project is handed over, the project implementing agency or other agencies designated by the government will recover the project assets agreed in the project contract on behalf of the government.

The project contract should clearly stipulate the transfer form, compensation method, transfer content and transfer standard. Handover forms include termination of handover upon expiration and termination of handover in advance; Compensation methods include free transfer and paid transfer; The transfer contents include project assets, personnel, documents and intellectual property rights; Handover standards include indicators such as equipment integrity rate and minimum serviceable life.

If paid transfer is adopted, the compensation scheme shall be clearly stipulated in the project contract; If there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, the project implementation agency shall draw up a compensation plan in accordance with the principle of "restoring the same economic status" and report it to the government for approval before implementation.

Article 33 The project implementation agency or other agencies designated by the government shall set up a project handover working group, confirm the handover situation and compensation method with social capital or project company according to the project contract, and formulate an asset evaluation and performance test plan.

The project transfer working group shall entrust an asset appraisal institution with relevant qualifications to conduct asset appraisal on the transferred assets according to the appraisal method agreed in the project contract as the basis for determining the compensation amount.

The project handover working group shall conduct performance tests on the handed-over assets in strict accordance with the performance test scheme and handover standards. If the performance test results are not up to standard, the handover working group shall require social capital or project company to carry out recovery repair, update and reset or withdraw the handover maintenance guarantee.

Article 34 Social capital or project company shall hand over the project assets, intellectual property rights and technical legal documents that meet the performance test requirements, together with the list of assets, to the project implementation agency or other institutions designated by the government, and complete the legal transfer and management transfer procedures. Social capital or project company should cooperate with the smooth transition of project operation.

Article 35 After the handover of the project is completed, the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall organize relevant departments to evaluate the performance of the project output, cost-effectiveness, regulatory effectiveness, sustainability, application of government and social capital cooperation mode, and disclose the evaluation results according to relevant regulations. The evaluation results can be used as a reference for the government to carry out the cooperative management of government and social capital.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Article 36 This operation guide shall come into force as of the date of issuance and shall be valid for 3 years.

Article 37 The Ministry of Finance shall be responsible for the interpretation of this operation guide.

Attachment: 1. Operation Flow Chart of Government and Social Capital Cooperation Project

2. Noun explanation

Attachment 1

Operation flow chart of government and social capital cooperation project

Attachment 2

Noun interpretation

1. Whole Life Cycle refers to the complete cycle of a project from design, financing, construction, operation, maintenance to termination of handover.

2. Output Specification refers to the economic and technical standards that the project assets should meet after the completion of the project, as well as the delivery scope, standards and performance levels of public goods and services.

3. Value for Money, VFM) refers to the long-term maximum benefits that an organization can obtain by using its available resources. VFM evaluation is a widely used evaluation system in the world to evaluate whether the public goods and services traditionally provided by the government can use the cooperation model of government and social capital, aiming at optimizing the efficiency of public resources allocation and utilization.

4. Public Sector Comparator, PSC) refers to the present value of the total cost of public goods and services provided by the government in the traditional procurement mode during the whole life cycle, which mainly includes the net cost of construction and operation, transferable risk bearing cost, retained risk bearing cost and competitive neutral adjustment cost.

5. User Charge refers to the direct purchase of public goods and services by the final consumer.

6. Viability Gap Funding refers to the economic subsidies given to social capital or project company by the government in the form of financial subsidies, equity investment, preferential loans and other preferential policies, because the fees paid by users are not enough to meet the cost recovery and reasonable return of social capital or project company.

7. Government Payment refers to the direct purchase of public goods and services by the government, which mainly includes Availability Payment, Usage Payment and Performance Payment.

The basis of government payment is mainly the availability of facilities, the usage and quality of products and services.

8. Operations & Maintenance (O&M) refers to the operation mode of government-social capital cooperation projects in which the government entrusts the operation and maintenance of public assets in stock to social capital or project companies, and social capital or project companies are not responsible for user services. The government retains the ownership of assets and only pays the entrusted operation fee to social capital or project company. The term of the contract generally does not exceed 8 years.

9. Management Contract (MC) refers to the project operation mode in which the government entrusts the operation, maintenance and user service of public assets in stock to social capital or project company. The government retains the ownership of assets and only pays management fees to social capital or project companies. Management contracts are usually used as a transitional mode of transfer-operation-transfer, and the contract period is generally not more than 3 years.

10. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) refers to the project operation mode in which social capital or project company undertakes the responsibilities of design, financing, construction, operation, maintenance and user service of new projects, and the project assets and related rights are handed over to the government after the contract expires. The contract term is generally 20-30 years.

11. Build-Own-Operate (BOO) evolved from BOT mode. The main difference between the two modes is that social capital or the project company owns the project ownership under BOO mode, but the contract must specify the constraint clauses to ensure public welfare, which generally does not involve the handover of the project upon expiration.

12. Transfer-Operate-Transfer (TOT) refers to the project operation mode in which the government transfers the ownership of existing assets to social capital or project company for compensation, which is responsible for operation, maintenance and user service, and the assets and their ownership are handed over to the government after the contract expires. The contract term is generally 20-30 years.

13. Rebuild-operate-transfer (ROT) refers to the project operation mode in which the government adds renovation and expansion contents on the basis of TOT mode. The contract term is generally 20-30 years.

[Where will Android 7.0 change? 】

As the two operating systems with the largest number of users at present, which one is better, Android or iOS?

Users who like iOS value its high program execution efficiency and good system fluency. At the same time, due to the uniqueness of hardware, there is basically no software compatibility problem and a large number of applications. Users who like Android take a fancy to its open source, open system and good customization. The application covers a wide range and the price is relatively cheap.

With the debate between users on both sides, iOS evolved to version 9.0.Google also officially announced recently that it will hold the 2016 I/O Developers Conference on May 18th this year, during which the most striking thing is the release of Android 7.0.

At present, there are many rumors about the new features of Android7.0. According to these rumors and the changes of previous systems, we also made a guess and launched a fake evaluation about Android7.0.

The vice president of Android Engineering once said in an interview with the media that Google has changed the release strategy of Android system to "Annual Cadence of Big Releases".

At last year’s GoogleI/O Developers Conference, Google brought people a new version of Android M system, in addition to Android Wear, VR and other projects. Through the naming of previous generations of systems, we can see that Google has a good preference for food names, but for the naming of new Android systems, this year seems to be different. At present, most of the guesses are Android N.

The outside world hopes that Google will strengthen security, ease of use of tablets, parallel application of multitasking, etc. At the same time, it is reported that Google is pulling into the distance between Android and Chrome OS.

Major system changes are usually accompanied by various bugs, so every generation of new systems will always improve the problems and missing contents of the previous version. For example, Android M has improved the power consumption of the previous Android 5.0 exposure, increased the function of managing permissions, customized the notification bar, etc. The new system has also improved in some minor aspects, and the whole system is more user-friendly. However, from the UI point of view, 6.0 has not changed, and it still uses the interface design of 5.0.

So besides the interface changes, what will Android 7.0 improve?

[Make up for the shortage of finished versions and upgrade independently to solve fragmentation]

Solve fragmentation-independent upgrade

First of all, we know that the fragmentation of Android system is very serious, and it has even reached a level that restricts the development of the system. By the end of last year, the upgrade rate of Android 6.0 has not reached 0.3% for several months after its release, which is only higher than that of Android 2.2 Froyo system, which was released in 2010, and its current share is only 0.2%.

On the contrary, the adoption rate of Apple’s iOS 9 system is 75%, and the remaining majority share is occupied by iOS 8, and the proportion of early versions is almost negligible.

The upgrade rate of Android6.0 has not reached 0.3% since it was released several months ago.

The main reason for this problem is that Google system upgrade cannot completely avoid manufacturers and operators. Whenever a new system is released, only Google’s own Nexus devices can get a quick upgrade. For non-Nexus devices, it will take a long time to use the new system, so Android 7.0 is likely to adopt an independent upgrade method.

At present, the upgrade function of smart APP has begun to APPear, so that users do not need to install the whole APP, but only need to install the parts that are not available in the existing version of the app, thus reducing the scale of system upgrade.

Android 7.0 can refer to this model, first upgrade the core functions, then hand over the changes of interface and software functions to manufacturers and operators, and then increase them, then everyone can quickly upgrade the new system, thus ending the fragmentation of Android.

Improve password management

The program password management function in Android6.0 is not complete.

At present, fingerprint identification has become the mainstream, and Google Nexus 6P/6 is equipped with a fingerprint identification module for the first time. However, in Android 6.0, the smart password lock function is placed at the bottom of the inconspicuous settings menu, and the program password management function is incomplete. If you uninstall or reinstall the APP, the original settings will be restored.

The smart password lock function allows users to log in to the APP automatically, but there are still many apps that don’t support it. Android N may improve this function and make it easier for users to use the password management function.

More reasonable authorization management

At present, the authorization of Android 6.0 APP is decentralized, which means that users can choose specific individual authorization, or they can let specific programs refuse authorization and change settings at any time. This function makes many users puzzled, so many domestic manufacturers develop their own software to help users manage authorization better.

APP authorization of Android6.0 is decentralized.

On Android 7.0, it will avoid the authorization status that users need to look for patiently in the APP settings. With better authorization management function, its process will be more intuitive, users can better control the authorization of APP while keeping the whole process simple, and major manufacturers only need to slightly modify the authorization management.

Solve the problem of large screen of mobile phone-one-handed mode

With the smartphone screen getting bigger and bigger, there are countless large-screen mobile phones in the market. Apple has launched a 5.5-inch iPhone 6S Plus, not to mention Android.

There are many Android phones over 6 inches on the market. Although the screen view is large, the big-screen phones also bring distress to those who like to operate with one hand.

Smartphone screens are getting bigger and bigger.

The common practice of domestic manufacturers is to increase the one-hand mode, and achieve one-hand operation by reducing the screen display content. iOS can also pull down the screen content to the middle by touching the Home button twice, but Google officially has not optimized the large-size mobile phone. Therefore, it has become an exciting thing for Android 7.0 to join the one-hand mode.