Speaking language planning
Wen Miao Chen Zhangtai
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The Nature and Significance of Language Planning
(A) the emergence of language planning
Language planning is a term of applied linguistics and also a social language. The terminology of linguistics is also called "language planning", "language engineering" and "language standardization". China’s pastUsually referred to as "language movement" and "text reform", it is often referred to as "language work" recently, and someIt is called "language standardization" and "Chinese modernization".
The actual existence of language planning has a long history, but as sociolinguistics and application, A branch of linguistics, or after the second world war. Its background is:
(1) After the end of World War II, colonial countries became independent one after another. When some countries were founded, they had to carry out an important task, that is, selecting, determining, popularizing standard languages, common languages or official languages, and formulating their norms and standards.
(2) With the rapid development of post-war politics, economy, culture, education and science and technology, it is necessary to standardize and manage language and its application.
(3) After World War II, a large number of immigrants flooded into western developed countries, resulting in extremely complicated social problems of multi-culture and multi-language, such as language problems in administration, education, religion and employment, which need to be properly solved. To solve these important and urgent social language problems, it is necessary to make a comprehensive and effective plan for the language of the country and the nation, which promotes the emergence of language planning.
(B) the meaning of language planning
What is language planning? There are various opinions. Howe, who first used this term in literature. According to E.Haugen, language planning is the identification of language. This is concise, but it’s not quiteClear. S.Fishman, the pioneer and founder of language planning, believes that language planningIt is to determine and describe the decision-making process of language, its seriousness and urgency, and it needs a clear understanding.Solution requires an action theory that can provide and identify alternative solutions to existing problems.On. The Encyclopedia of China Language Volume explains that language planning is "a country or a society"The collective name of all kinds of work carried out by groups in order to manage the language. " Because language planningIt involves many non-linguistic factors, so some scholars simply call language planning "about language"The official policy. " Looking at all kinds of views and considering the actual content of language planning, weIt is believed that the basic meaning of language planning is:In order to solve the problem of language communication in society, the government or social groupsProblems in the international, purposeful, planned and organized to language and its use.Intervention and management, so that language and writing can better serve the society.
Language planning is closely related to language policy and language legislation, so there are often People regard the three as one. The contents of the three have something in common, they are interrelated and have areas.Other relationships, among whichLanguage policy is the foundation, core and administrative behavior; Language legislation is language politics.The sublimation and guarantee of policy and language planning is a legal act; Language planning is an extension of language policy.And embodiment is the concrete implementation of language laws and regulations, and the theory of language planning can also be language politics.The formulation of policies and language laws and regulations provides theoretical basis. Language planning is not only a government act, but also a society.Behavior.Each country embarks from its own interests and reality, and based on the national and government’s understanding of language.This attitude, the formulation and implementation of a wide range of language policies, some countries on this basis to develop.Detailed and specific language planning, reflecting its language policy; Some countries also carry out language legislation, which willThe important content of language policy is summarized and affirmed in the form of law; The Importance of Language PlanningThe content is also absorbed by language legislation, and language planning should be based on and implemented by language laws and regulations.It is necessary to stipulate. For example, in contemporary China, it is early for the government to ensure the language equality of all ethnic groups and promote Putonghua.The policy that has been determined and consistently implemented seriously is an important part of language planning in the past 50 years.When the economist formulated the Constitution and the Law of the State on the Common Language, he affirmed these policies.Sublimate, and give affirmation and guarantee in the form of law, clearly stipulates: "All ethnic groups have it.And the freedom to develop their own spoken and written languages. ""The state promotes Putonghua, which is commonly used throughout the country. " PeopleThe Law on Ethnic Regional Autonomy, Compulsory Education Law and other laws also have relevant provisions. Language politics of the governmentPolicy and language planning and conscientiously implement the provisions of national laws in this regard, more detailed,The status, relationship, function and scope of use of national languages and Putonghua are specifically defined.Another example is that the government’s language policy shows that the promotion of Putonghua is to overcome language barriers and benefit the society.Language communication, not to eliminate dialects, dialects can not be artificially eliminated, in quiteFor a long time, it will also serve the residents of various dialect areas. "National Common Language Law" affirms thatThis policy also specifies the range of dialects that can be used. The government’s language policy also states that,The implementation of standardized Chinese characters is not to abolish traditional Chinese characters, and the National Common Language and Characters Law also affirms it.This policy clearly stipulates the scope of traditional Chinese characters. Language policy, in turn, mustIt is necessary to carry out and implement these provisions of the National Law on Common Languages. Language planning must be followedAccording to these provisions, reflect the relevant laws and policies of the state.
(C) the nature of language planning
From the basic meaning of language planning, we can summarize the nature and characteristics of language planning. this Is:
1. Language planning is mainly a government behavior, with social behavior.Formulation and implementation of planning Hosted and led by the government, or authorized by the government, social organizations and academic institutions are specifically responsible for the government’s transportation.Use its administrative power to promote it. Language planning needs the support of all sectors of society and the participation of the people.And, in order to succeed. Because it is hosted by the government and attended by the public, language planning toolsHave considerable authority and sociality. Language planning in most countries in the world has this feature.Quality. Language planning also has certain personal behaviors, mainly influential social celebrities, such as famous.Linguists, writers, educators, sociologists and famous politicians, social activists, etc., theyOr directly participate in and guide the formulation of language planning, or take advantage of their social influence to participate in language rules.Row activities. The former, such as the early 19th century, passed through knudsen, a Norwegian linguist. Knudsen) and Ivar Aasen’s efforts, the national language and the new Norwegian language were determined by the government.It is the official language. The latter, such as influential politicians and social activists in some countries, theirThe influence of speech and speech activities on language planning.
2. Language planning is a purposeful and planned systematic project.Its purpose is to Solve the problems in social language communication, improve and perfect the norms of language and characters, and give full play to language.The social function of speech. Language planning is not only a problem of language itself, but also a purely academic one.Work, which is closely related to the society, nationality, politics, economy, culture, education and science and technology, needsIt is necessary to comprehensively consider various factors and conditions, make careful plans and arrangements, and organize and coordinate all parties concerned.Face to work together, can be effectively implemented.
3. Language planning is a long-term social practice activity, which can’t be accomplished overnight. Only by persisting in work for a long time and actively and steadily carrying out social practice can we achieve practical results.From the selection, determination and popularization of standard language, common language and official language to the standardization and technique of language.The standardization of language and the creation, reform and perfection of characters are all long-term processes and huge regulations.Model and complex practice. Language standardization is a long-term work, and it must follow the development of society.Change and the evolution of the language itself, and timely adjust and improve it;Language planning should also keep pace with the times.Advance, can’t be fixed and unchangeable.
(D) the task of language planning
The main tasks of language planning are: to determine the status of language in the country and society, and to coordinate language. The relationship between words guarantees people’s language rights, strengthens people’s awareness of language norms, strengthens the standardization and standardization of language, enhances language prestige, enhances language vitality, gives full play to the social communication function of language, promotes the sustained and healthy development of language and language life, and better serves the society.The specific task of language planning is changing, which changes with the continuous development of society, the evolution of language and language life and the progress of language planning.For example, in China, in the 1950s and 1960s, the specific tasks of language planning were to implement the policy of language equality for all ethnic groups, safeguard the people’s language rights, and at the same time determine the status of Putonghua as a common language in the whole country, vigorously popularize Putonghua, implement text reform, and strengthen the standardization of modern Chinese. In the 1980s and 1990s, in order to meet the needs of the country’s reform, opening up and modernization, the specific tasks of language planning were adjusted in a timely manner. In addition to continuing to carry out the specific tasks of the previous stage, the tasks of language information processing and management were added, and the popularization of Putonghua was accelerated, and the standardization and standardization of language and characters were strengthened.
(E) the significance of language planning
Language planning is an important event in social life and language life, which has great influence on social life and language. Life has important influence and positive significance.
1. The political significance of language planning is remarkable, which is mainly manifested in determining language status, coordinating language relations, safeguarding people’s language rights and strengthening national unity consciousness, thus playing an important role in safeguarding national unity, national unity and social stability.Without a unified language, national unity, national unity and social stability are bound to be damaged. For example, China is a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual country with a vast territory and a large population. If there is no unified language, it is hard to imagine that the country, ethnic groups and society can be so United, unified and stable as a whole in the long history of more than 3,000 years. In this respect, language equality, unified writing and the promotion of Yayan, Tongguan, Mandarin and Putonghua have played an important role in history. After the European Renaissance, Italy, France, Spain and other countries set up language institutions one after another to formulate and implement language plans and safeguard the purity and health of their own languages, which is of great significance to the unity and social stability of European countries and the industrial revolution thereafter. The promotion of Arabic in the Arab world has played a vital role in promoting the unity and unity of Arab countries and nations. Negative examples, such as India, the Philippines and some countries in Africa, have seriously affected the unity, stability and development of these countries because some social and linguistic problems have not been properly solved.
2. Language planning plays an important role in promoting the development of economy, culture, education, science and technology.this It is mainly embodied in language ontology planning and strengthening the standardization and standardization of language and characters, such as formulating the standardization standards of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and characters of standard language, reforming style and characters, standardizing and standardizing terminology, and strengthening the modernization of Chinese language, thus promoting the progress and development of economy, culture, education and science and technology. For example, in our country, it is helpful for the formation of a unified market, the development of economy, culture and education, the development of language information processing, natural language understanding and artificial intelligence, etc., and its social and economic benefits are enormous to determine Putonghua and standardized Chinese characters as the national common language and characters and vigorously promote them throughout the country.
3. The standardization of language makes the language more standardized and easy to use, thus enhancing the social function of language, improving communication efficiency and work efficiency, and adapting to the needs of continuous development and change of social life.For example, it is an obvious fact that the standardization of modern Chinese and minority languages has enhanced the social functions of these languages and facilitated work and communication. Another example is that English, French and Spanish are highly standardized, so their social functions are stronger, and their communication efficiency and work efficiency are also higher, which plays an important role in social communication and international exchange.
4. Language planning can have a positive impact on the historical changes of language, making the language structure itself more standardized and precise, more suitable for the needs of modern society, and developing in the direction of meeting the interests of language users.For example, the closeness or basic consistency between written language and spoken language is a trend of language development, and human intervention in language can accelerate the development of this trend. Israel revived Hebrew, which had been divorced from social life for more than 2,000 years, and became a communicative language in modern society, which greatly accelerated the process of colloquialism of written language. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, Chinese has undergone stylistic reform, from classical Chinese to vernacular Chinese, which makes written language close to spoken language and makes spoken language more standardized, concise and accurate, which plays an important role in the development of the language itself.
Book information
Research on Language Planning (Summary of Contemporary Chinese Academic Works)
Chen Zhangtai
This book is a classic work of Mr. Chen Zhangtai who has studied language planning for many years, including language planning theory and practice research, language policy research, language standardization research and so on. The book points out that the content of language planning includes two parts: language status planning and language ontology planning. The object of language planning is social language problems, including language status, language relations, language norms, etc., mainly to overcome language barriers in social communication and create or improve the conditions and environment for language use. The main tasks of language planning are to determine the status of language in the country and society, coordinate language relations, safeguard people’s language rights, strengthen people’s awareness of language norms, strengthen the standardization and standardization of language, improve language prestige, enhance language vitality, give full play to the social communication function of language, promote the sustained and healthy development of language and language life, and better serve the society.
Brief introduction of the author
Chen Zhangtai (1932—2021), researcher and doctoral supervisor of state language commission Institute of Linguistic Application, professor of Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, concurrently vice president of Chinese Language Society, president of China Society of Applied Linguistics, adjunct professor of Beijing Broadcasting Institute and adjunct professor of Nanchang University. He used to be an associate researcher and deputy director of Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, deputy editor-in-chief of China Language magazine, deputy director and secretary-general of state language commission, and director of Institute of Linguistic Application. Mainly engaged in sociolinguistics and Chinese dialect research.
Catalogue
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