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Notice on printing and distributing the operation guide for the cooperation mode of government and social capital (for Trial Implementation)
Caijin [2014] No.113

The finance departments (bureaus) of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities under separate state planning, and the Finance Bureau of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps:

According to the Notice of the Ministry of Finance on Issues Related to Popularizing and Applying the Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (No.76 [2014] of the Ministry of Finance), in order to ensure the implementation quality of cooperation projects between government and social capital, and standardize the operation procedures of each link of project identification, preparation, procurement, implementation and handover, the Operation Guide for Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (for Trial Implementation) is hereby issued, please follow it.

Attachment: Operation Guide for Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (Trial)

the Ministry of Finance
November 29th, 2014

Attachment:

Guide to the operation of cooperation mode between government and social capital
(Trial)

Chapter I General Provisions

the first In order to popularize and apply the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) scientifically and normatively, According to the Budget Law of the People’s Republic of China, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government Procurement Law, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Contract Law, the State Council’s Opinions on Strengthening the Management of Local Government Debt (Guo Fa [2014] No.43), the State Council’s Decision on Deepening the Reform of Budget Management System (Guo Fa [2014] No.45) and the Notice of the Ministry of Finance on Promoting and Applying the Cooperation Mode of Government and Social Capital (Cai

the second The term "social capital" as mentioned in this Guide refers to domestic and foreign enterprise legal persons who have established a modern enterprise system, but does not include financing platform companies owned by the government at the same level and other holding state-owned enterprises.

Article This guide is applicable to regulate the activities of the government, social capital and other participants in the identification, preparation, procurement, implementation and handover of cooperation projects between the government and social capital.

Article 4 The financial department should adhere to the basic principles of the socialist market economy, strengthen coordination with relevant government departments in the spirit of system innovation and cooperative contract, actively play the role of third-party professional institutions, and comprehensively coordinate the cooperative management of government and social capital.

The financial departments of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, cities under separate state planning and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps should actively set up government and social capital cooperation centers or designate specialized agencies to perform the duties of planning guidance, financing support, identification and evaluation, consulting services, publicity and training, performance evaluation, information statistics, expert database and project library construction.

Article 5 All participants should follow the principles of fairness, justice, openness, honesty and credibility, and implement government and social capital cooperation projects in a legal, standardized and efficient manner.

Chapter II Project Identification

Article 6 Infrastructure and public service projects with large investment scale, long-term stable demand, flexible price adjustment mechanism and high degree of marketization are suitable for government and social capital cooperation mode.

Government and social capital cooperation projects are initiated by the government or social capital, mainly by the government.

(1) initiated by the government.

The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) should be responsible for collecting potential government and social capital cooperation projects from the competent departments of transportation, housing construction, environmental protection, energy, education, medical care, physical fitness and cultural facilities. The competent department of industry can select potential projects from the new construction, reconstruction projects or stock public assets in the national economic and social development planning and industry special planning.

(2) Initiation of social capital.

Social capital should recommend potential government and social capital cooperation projects to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) in the form of project proposal.

Article 7 The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall, jointly with the industry authorities, evaluate and screen potential government and social capital cooperation projects and determine alternative projects. The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall formulate the annual and medium-term development plan of the project according to the screening results.

For the projects included in the annual development plan, the project sponsor shall submit relevant materials according to the requirements of the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center). The feasibility study report, project output description and preliminary implementation plan shall be submitted for new construction and reconstruction projects; The stock project shall submit the historical data, project output description and preliminary implementation plan of the stock public assets.

Article 8 The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) will carry out value-for-money evaluation from both qualitative and quantitative aspects in conjunction with the competent departments of the industry. Quantitative evaluation work is carried out by all localities according to the actual situation.

Qualitative evaluation focuses on whether the cooperation mode of government and social capital can increase supply, optimize risk distribution, improve operational efficiency, promote innovation and fair competition compared with the traditional government procurement mode.

Quantitative evaluation mainly compares the present value of government expenditure cost with the comparative value of public sector in the whole life cycle of government and social capital cooperation projects, calculates the value for money of the projects, and judges whether the cooperation mode of government and social capital reduces the whole life cycle cost of the projects.

Article 9 In order to ensure the long-term financial sustainability, the financial department should demonstrate the financial affordability of some projects paid or subsidized by the government according to the financial expenditure, government debt and other factors in the whole life cycle of the project, and the annual financial expenditure such as government payment or government subsidy should not exceed a certain proportion of the current fiscal revenue.

Projects that pass the value-for-money evaluation and financial affordability demonstration can be prepared.

Chapter III Project Preparation

Article 10 Local people’s governments at or above the county level may establish a special coordination mechanism, which is mainly responsible for project evaluation, organization and coordination, inspection and supervision, etc., so as to simplify the examination and approval process and improve work efficiency. The government or its designated relevant functional departments or institutions can be used as project implementation agencies, responsible for project preparation, procurement, supervision and handover.

Article 11 The project implementation agency shall organize the preparation of the project implementation plan, and introduce the following contents in turn:

(1) Overview of the project.

The general situation of the project mainly includes the basic situation, economic and technical indicators and the equity of the project company.

The basic situation mainly defines the contents of public products and services provided by the project, the necessity and feasibility of the project operating in the mode of cooperation between government and social capital, and the objectives and significance of the project operation.

Economic and technical indicators mainly define the project location, area, construction content or asset scope, investment scale or asset value, main output description and source of funds.

The equity of the project company mainly clarifies whether to set up the project company and the company’s equity structure.

(2) Basic framework of risk allocation.

According to the principles of risk allocation optimization, risk-return equivalence and risk control, the project risk is reasonably distributed between the government and social capital by comprehensively considering factors such as government risk management ability, project return mechanism and market risk management ability.

In principle, commercial risks such as project design, construction, finance, operation and maintenance are borne by social capital, risks such as laws, policies and minimum demand are borne by the government, and risks such as force majeure are reasonably shared by the government and social capital.

(3) Project operation mode.

Project operation modes mainly include entrusted operation, contract management, construction-operation-handover, construction-ownership-operation, transfer-operation-handover and reconstruction-operation-handover.

The choice of specific operation mode is mainly determined by the charging pricing mechanism, the level of project investment income, the basic framework of risk allocation, financing demand, reconstruction and expansion demand and expiration disposal.

(4) the transaction structure.

The transaction structure mainly includes the project investment and financing structure, return mechanism and related supporting arrangements.

The investment and financing structure of the project mainly explains the source, nature and purpose of the capital expenditure of the project, the formation and transfer of the project assets, etc.

The project return mechanism mainly explains the source of funds for social capital to obtain investment return, including payment methods such as user payment, feasibility gap subsidy and government payment.

Relevant supporting arrangements mainly explain the supporting facilities such as land, water, electricity, gas and roads provided by relevant institutions outside the project and the upstream and downstream services required by the project.

(5) Contract system.

The contract system mainly includes project contract, shareholder contract, financing contract, project contract, operation service contract, raw material supply contract, product purchase contract and insurance contract. The project contract is the core legal document.

The project boundary conditions are the core content of the project contract, mainly including the boundaries of rights and obligations, transaction conditions, performance guarantee and adjustment and convergence.

The boundary of rights and obligations mainly defines the ownership of project assets, the public responsibility assumed by social capital, the way of government payment and the result of risk distribution.

The boundary of trading conditions mainly defines the project contract term, project return mechanism, charging pricing adjustment mechanism and output description.

The boundary of performance guarantee mainly defines the compulsory insurance scheme and the performance guarantee system consisting of investment competition guarantee, construction performance guarantee, operation and maintenance guarantee and handover maintenance guarantee.

The adjustment of the convergence boundary mainly defines the response measures such as emergency handling, temporary takeover and early termination, contract change, contract extension, and the demand for new expansion and expansion of the project.

(6) Regulatory framework.

The supervision structure mainly includes authorization relationship and supervision mode. The authorization relationship mainly refers to the government’s authorization to the project implementation agency and the government’s authorization to social capital directly or through the project implementation agency; Supervision methods mainly include performance management, administrative supervision and public supervision.

(7) Selection of procurement methods.

Project procurement shall be carried out in accordance with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Municipal Government Procurement Law and relevant rules and regulations, and the procurement methods include public bidding, competitive negotiation, invited bidding, competitive negotiation and single-source procurement. Project implementation agencies should choose appropriate procurement methods according to the characteristics of project procurement needs.

Open bidding is mainly applicable to projects with clear and complete core boundary conditions and technical and economic parameters, which are in line with national laws and regulations and government procurement policies and will not be changed in procurement.

Article 12 The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall verify the value for money and financial affordability of the project implementation plan, and if it passes the verification, the project implementation agency shall report it to the government for review; If it fails to pass the verification, it can be re-verified after the implementation plan is adjusted; If it still fails to pass the re-verification, the cooperation mode of government and social capital will no longer be adopted.

Chapter IV Project Procurement

Article 13 Project implementation agencies should prepare pre-qualification documents according to the needs of the project, issue a pre-qualification announcement, invite social capital and financial institutions cooperating with them to participate in the pre-qualification, verify whether the project can obtain social capital response and achieve full competition, and submit the pre-qualification review report to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) for the record.

If there are more than three social capitals in the project that have passed the prequalification, the project implementation agency may continue to carry out the preparation of procurement documents; If there are less than three social capitals that have passed the prequalification, the project implementation agency shall reorganize the prequalification after the implementation plan is adjusted; If the social capital of the project is still not enough after re-prequalification, the procurement method selected by the implementation plan can be adjusted according to law.

Article 14 The pre-qualification announcement shall be published in the media designated by the financial department of the people’s government at or above the provincial level. If the pre-qualified social capital changes its qualification before signing the project contract, it shall promptly notify the project implementation agency.

The prequalification announcement shall include the authorized subject of the project, the project implementing agency and the project name, the procurement demand, the qualification requirements for social capital, whether the consortium is allowed to participate in procurement activities, the number and determination method of qualified social capital to be determined, and the time and place for social capital to submit the prequalification application documents. The time for submitting pre-qualification application documents shall not be less than 15 working days from the date of announcement.

Article 15 Project procurement documents shall include procurement invitation, instructions to competitors (including sealing, signing and stamping requirements, etc.), qualification, credit standing and performance certification documents that competitors should provide, procurement method, government authorization to project implementation agencies, approval of implementation plan and project-related approval documents, procurement procedures, requirements for preparation of response documents, deadline for submitting response documents, opening time and place, amount and form of compulsory guarantee deposit payment, evaluation method, evaluation standard and government procurement policy.

In case of competitive negotiation or competitive negotiation procurement, the project procurement documents shall specify the contents that may be substantially changed by the evaluation team according to the negotiation with social capital, including the technical and service requirements in the procurement requirements and the terms of the draft contract, in addition to the contents specified in the preceding paragraph.

Article 16 The review team consists of more than 5 representatives of project implementation agencies and review experts, of which the number of review experts shall not be less than 2/3 of the total number of review team members. Evaluation experts can be selected by the project implementation agency, but the evaluation experts should include at least one financial expert and one legal expert. The representative of the project implementation agency shall not participate in the project review as an expert.

Article 17 If the project adopts public bidding, invitation bidding, competitive negotiation and single-source procurement, it shall be implemented in accordance with government procurement laws, regulations and relevant regulations.

If the project is purchased by competitive negotiation, it shall be conducted in accordance with the following basic procedures:

(a) procurement announcement and registration.

The announcement of competitive consultation shall be published in the media designated by the financial department of the people’s government at or above the provincial level. The announcement of competitive consultation shall include the project implementing agency and project name, project structure and core boundary conditions, whether social capital that has not been prequalified is allowed to participate in procurement activities, as well as the review principle, project output description, requirements for response documents provided by social capital, time, place and method of obtaining procurement documents, price of procurement documents, deadline for submitting response documents, opening time and place. The time for submitting response documents shall not be less than 10 days from the date of announcement.

(two) qualification examination and procurement documents for sale.

If the qualification has been pre-qualified, the review team will no longer review the social capital qualification at the review stage. If the post-qualification review is allowed, the review team will review the qualifications of social capital in the review of response documents. The project implementation agency may, depending on the specific circumstances of the project, organize the inspection and verification of the qualifications of qualified social capital.

The selling price of procurement documents shall be determined in accordance with the principle of making up the printing cost of procurement documents, and shall not be for profit, and shall not be based on the purchase amount of the project. The sale period of procurement documents shall not be less than 5 working days from the date of commencement.

(3) Clarification or modification of procurement documents.

Before the deadline for submitting the first response document, the project implementation agency may make necessary clarifications or modifications to the issued procurement documents, and the contents of clarification or modification shall be regarded as an integral part of the procurement documents. If the clarification or modification may affect the preparation of the response document, the project implementation agency shall notify all social capital that have obtained the procurement document in writing at least 5 days before the deadline for submitting the first response document; Less than 5 days, the project implementation agency shall postpone the deadline for submission of response documents.

(4) Response document review.

The project implementation agency shall organize the receipt and opening of response documents in accordance with the provisions of the procurement documents.

The review team will review the response documents in two stages:

The first stage: determine the final purchase demand plan. The review team can negotiate with social capital for several rounds. During the negotiation, the technical and service requirements of the procurement documents and the terms of the draft contract can be substantially revised, but the non-negotiable core conditions stipulated in the procurement documents can not be revised. The content of substantive changes must be confirmed by the project implementation agency and notified to all social capital participating in the negotiation. The specific procedures shall be implemented in accordance with the Measures for the Administration of Non-tendering Methods of Government Procurement and relevant regulations.

The second stage: comprehensive score. After the final procurement demand plan is determined, the review team will comprehensively score the final response documents submitted by social capital, prepare the review report and submit the ranking list of candidate social capital to the project implementation agency. The specific procedures shall be implemented in accordance with the Measures for the Administration of Bidding for Government Procurement of Goods and Services and relevant regulations.

Article 18 The project implementing agency shall, in the pre-qualification announcement, procurement announcement, procurement documents and procurement contracts, specify the preferential measures and scope for domestic social capital, the requirements for foreign social capital to purchase goods and services produced in China and other relevant government procurement policies, as well as the mandatory guarantee requirements for social capital to participate in procurement activities and performance guarantee. Social capital should pay the deposit in non-cash forms such as checks, bills of exchange, promissory notes or letters of guarantee issued by financial institutions and guarantee institutions. The amount of the deposit for participating in procurement activities shall not exceed 2% of the project budget. The amount of performance bond shall not exceed 10% of the total initial investment or asset evaluation value of government and social capital cooperation projects. For service cooperation projects with no fixed assets investment or small investment, the amount of performance bond shall not exceed the average service income of 6 months.

Article 19 The project implementation agency shall organize social capital to conduct on-site inspection or hold a question-and-answer meeting before purchasing, but it shall not organize on-site inspection and question-and-answer meeting with only one social capital alone or separately.

Article 20 The project implementation agency shall set up a special negotiation working group to confirm the procurement results. According to the ranking of the candidate social capitals, the candidate social capitals and the financial institutions that cooperate with them shall negotiate the confirmation of the variable details in the contract before signing, and the winner shall be the first to reach an agreement. Confirm that the negotiation shall not involve the non-negotiable core clauses in the contract, and shall not renegotiate with the social capital ranked first but whose negotiation has been terminated.

Article 21 After the confirmation negotiation is completed, the project implementation agency shall sign a confirmation negotiation memorandum with the selected social capital, and publicize the procurement results and the contract text drawn up according to the procurement documents, response documents, addendum documents and confirmation negotiation memorandum. The publicity period shall not be less than 5 working days. The contract text should take the important commitments and technical documents in the successful social capital response document as annexes. The contents involving state secrets and commercial secrets in the contract text may not be publicized.

After the expiration of the publicity period, the project contract without objection shall be signed by the project implementation agency and the selected social capital after the approval of the government.

If it is necessary to set up a special project company for the project, after the establishment of the project company, the project company and the project implementation agency will re-sign the project contract or sign a supplementary contract to inherit the project contract.

The project implementation agency shall, within 2 working days from the date of signing the project contract, announce the project contract in the media designated by the financial department of the people’s government at or above the provincial level, except for the contents involving state secrets and commercial secrets in the contract.

Article 22 The financial departments of the people’s governments at all levels shall strengthen the supervision and inspection of the procurement activities of PPP projects, and deal with the illegal acts in the procurement activities in a timely manner.

Chapter V Project Implementation

Article 23 Social capital can set up project companies according to law. The government may designate relevant institutions to participate in the project company according to law. Project implementation agencies and financial departments (government and social capital cooperation center) should supervise social capital to set up the project company in full and on time in accordance with the procurement documents and project contracts.

Article 24 Project financing is the responsibility of social capital or project company. Social capital or project companies should promptly carry out financing scheme design, institutional contact, contract signing and financing delivery. Financial departments (government and social capital cooperation center) and project implementation agencies should do a good job in supervision and management to prevent corporate debts from being transferred to the government.

If the social capital or the project company fails to complete the financing as agreed in the project contract, the government may withdraw the performance bond until the project contract is terminated; In case of systemic financial risks or force majeure, the government, social capital or the project company may revise the relevant financing clauses in the contract through consultation according to the project contract.

When the project has major operational or financial risks, which threaten or infringe the interests of creditors, creditors can request social capital or project company to improve management according to the direct intervention agreement or terms signed with the government, social capital or project company. Within the time limit stipulated in the direct intervention agreement or terms, if the major risk has been lifted, the creditor shall stop intervening.

Article 25 The government payment obligations involved in the project contract shall be considered by the financial department in combination with the medium and long-term financial planning, incorporated into the government budget at the same level, and implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of budget management. The financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) and the project implementation agency shall establish a government payment ledger for government and social capital cooperation projects, and strictly control the government financial risks. After the establishment of the government’s comprehensive financial reporting system, the government’s payment obligations in the cooperation projects between the government and social capital should be included in the government’s comprehensive financial reporting.

Article 26 The project implementation agency shall, according to the project contract, supervise the social capital or the project company to fulfill its contractual obligations, regularly monitor the project output performance indicators, prepare quarterly and annual reports, and report them to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) for the record.

If the government has the obligation to pay, the project implementing agency shall, according to the output description agreed in the project contract and actual performance, directly or notify the financial department to pay the social capital or the project company in full and on time. If an excess income sharing mechanism is set up, social capital or the project company shall pay the excess income to the government in full and on time according to the project contract.

If the actual performance of the project is better than the agreed standard, the project implementing agency shall implement the incentive clauses agreed in the project contract, which can be used as the basis for whether the contract can be extended at the expiration of the project; If it fails to meet the agreed standards, the project implementation agency shall implement the punishment clauses or relief measures agreed in the project contract.

Article 27 If social capital or the project company violates the project contract, threatening the sustained, stable and safe supply of public goods and services, or endangering national security and major public interests, the government has the right to temporarily take over the project until the early termination procedure of the project is started.

The government may designate qualified institutions to implement temporary takeover. All expenses arising from the temporary takeover of the project will be borne by the defaulting party alone or shared by the responsible parties according to the project contract. Social capital or the temporary takeover expenses that the project company should bear can be deducted from its due termination compensation.

Article 28 In the process of project contract execution and management, project implementing agencies should focus on contract revision, liability for breach of contract and dispute resolution.

(1) Revision of the contract.

According to the conditions and procedures agreed in the project contract, the project implementing agency and social capital or the project company can apply for revising the project contract according to the changes in the social and economic environment, the demand and structure of public goods and services, and implement it after being examined and approved by the government.

(2) Liability for breach of contract.

If the project implementing agency, social capital or project company fails to fulfill the obligations stipulated in the project contract, they shall bear the corresponding liabilities for breach of contract, including stopping the infringement, eliminating the impact, paying liquidated damages, compensating the losses and dissolving the project contract.

(3) Dispute settlement.

In the process of project implementation, according to the project contract, the project implementation agency, social capital or project company may apply for arbitration or bring a civil lawsuit in accordance with the law on matters that are controversial and cannot be reached through consultation.

Article 29 The project implementation agency shall conduct a mid-term evaluation of the project every 3-5 years, focusing on the analysis of the project operation status and the compliance, adaptability and rationality of the project contract; Timely assess the risks of problems found, formulate countermeasures, and report to the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) for the record.

Article 30 Relevant functional departments of the government should perform administrative supervision duties on the project according to relevant national laws and regulations, focusing on the quality of public products and services, price and charging mechanism, safe production, environmental protection and workers’ rights and interests.

If the social capital or the project company refuses to accept the administrative supervision decision of the government functional departments, it may apply for administrative reconsideration or bring an administrative lawsuit according to law.

Article 31 The government, social capital or project company should publicly disclose the relevant information of the project according to law, protect the public’s right to know and accept social supervision.

Social capital or project company shall disclose the quantity and quality of project output, project operation status and other information. The government should disclose the contract terms, performance monitoring reports, mid-term evaluation reports and major changes or terminations of government and social capital cooperation projects that do not involve state secrets or commercial secrets.

If the public and project stakeholders find that the project is illegal or in breach of contract, or the public products and services are not up to standard, they can submit it to the government functional departments for supervision and inspection.

Chapter VI Project Handover

Article 32 When the project is handed over, the project implementing agency or other agencies designated by the government will recover the project assets agreed in the project contract on behalf of the government.

The project contract should clearly stipulate the transfer form, compensation method, transfer content and transfer standard. Handover forms include termination of handover upon expiration and termination of handover in advance; Compensation methods include free transfer and paid transfer; The transfer contents include project assets, personnel, documents and intellectual property rights; Handover standards include indicators such as equipment integrity rate and minimum serviceable life.

If paid transfer is adopted, the compensation scheme shall be clearly stipulated in the project contract; If there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, the project implementation agency shall draw up a compensation plan in accordance with the principle of "restoring the same economic status" and report it to the government for approval before implementation.

Article 33 The project implementation agency or other agencies designated by the government shall set up a project handover working group, confirm the handover situation and compensation method with social capital or project company according to the project contract, and formulate an asset evaluation and performance test plan.

The project transfer working group shall entrust an asset appraisal institution with relevant qualifications to conduct asset appraisal on the transferred assets according to the appraisal method agreed in the project contract as the basis for determining the compensation amount.

The project handover working group shall conduct performance tests on the handed-over assets in strict accordance with the performance test scheme and handover standards. If the performance test results are not up to standard, the handover working group shall require social capital or project company to carry out recovery repair, update and reset or withdraw the handover maintenance guarantee.

Article 34 Social capital or project company shall hand over the project assets, intellectual property rights and technical legal documents that meet the performance test requirements, together with the list of assets, to the project implementation agency or other institutions designated by the government, and complete the legal transfer and management transfer procedures. Social capital or project company should cooperate with the smooth transition of project operation.

Article 35 After the handover of the project is completed, the financial department (government and social capital cooperation center) shall organize relevant departments to evaluate the performance of the project output, cost-effectiveness, regulatory effectiveness, sustainability, application of government and social capital cooperation mode, and disclose the evaluation results according to relevant regulations. The evaluation results can be used as a reference for the government to carry out the cooperative management of government and social capital.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Article 36 This operation guide shall come into force as of the date of issuance and shall be valid for 3 years.

Article 37 The Ministry of Finance shall be responsible for the interpretation of this operation guide.

Attachment: 1. Operation Flow Chart of Government and Social Capital Cooperation Project

2. Noun explanation

Attachment 1

Operation flow chart of government and social capital cooperation project

Attachment 2

Noun interpretation

1. Whole Life Cycle refers to the complete cycle of a project from design, financing, construction, operation, maintenance to termination of handover.

2. Output Specification refers to the economic and technical standards that the project assets should meet after the completion of the project, as well as the delivery scope, standards and performance levels of public goods and services.

3. Value for Money, VFM) refers to the long-term maximum benefits that an organization can obtain by using its available resources. VFM evaluation is a widely used evaluation system in the world to evaluate whether the public goods and services traditionally provided by the government can use the cooperation model of government and social capital, aiming at optimizing the efficiency of public resources allocation and utilization.

4. Public Sector Comparator, PSC) refers to the present value of the total cost of public goods and services provided by the government in the traditional procurement mode during the whole life cycle, which mainly includes the net cost of construction and operation, transferable risk bearing cost, retained risk bearing cost and competitive neutral adjustment cost.

5. User Charge refers to the direct purchase of public goods and services by the final consumer.

6. Viability Gap Funding refers to the economic subsidies given to social capital or project company by the government in the form of financial subsidies, equity investment, preferential loans and other preferential policies, because the fees paid by users are not enough to meet the cost recovery and reasonable return of social capital or project company.

7. Government Payment refers to the direct purchase of public goods and services by the government, which mainly includes Availability Payment, Usage Payment and Performance Payment.

The basis of government payment is mainly the availability of facilities, the usage and quality of products and services.

8. Operations & Maintenance (O&M) refers to the operation mode of government-social capital cooperation projects in which the government entrusts the operation and maintenance of public assets in stock to social capital or project companies, and social capital or project companies are not responsible for user services. The government retains the ownership of assets and only pays the entrusted operation fee to social capital or project company. The term of the contract generally does not exceed 8 years.

9. Management Contract (MC) refers to the project operation mode in which the government entrusts the operation, maintenance and user service of public assets in stock to social capital or project company. The government retains the ownership of assets and only pays management fees to social capital or project companies. Management contracts are usually used as a transitional mode of transfer-operation-transfer, and the contract period is generally not more than 3 years.

10. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) refers to the project operation mode in which social capital or project company undertakes the responsibilities of design, financing, construction, operation, maintenance and user service of new projects, and the project assets and related rights are handed over to the government after the contract expires. The contract term is generally 20-30 years.

11. Build-Own-Operate (BOO) evolved from BOT mode. The main difference between the two modes is that social capital or the project company owns the project ownership under BOO mode, but the contract must specify the constraint clauses to ensure public welfare, which generally does not involve the handover of the project upon expiration.

12. Transfer-Operate-Transfer (TOT) refers to the project operation mode in which the government transfers the ownership of existing assets to social capital or project company for compensation, which is responsible for operation, maintenance and user service, and the assets and their ownership are handed over to the government after the contract expires. The contract term is generally 20-30 years.

13. Rebuild-operate-transfer (ROT) refers to the project operation mode in which the government adds renovation and expansion contents on the basis of TOT mode. The contract term is generally 20-30 years.

　　This year, Fujian Province Tendering and Purchasing Group Co., Ltd. witnessed great events and good deeds.

　　Brand, won the annual top ten brands of China tendering agency, the top 100 consulting service agencies of China PPP project, and the national advanced productivity model enterprise award; In the main business, the provincial environmental protection design institute, the design institute of the University of Technology and the consulting supervision of the University of Technology have become a member of the group in different forms, such as capital increase and holding, decoupling and transfer, and are moving towards a comprehensive technical service group; Strategically, high-tech industrialization projects such as large-capacity solid-state lithium batteries, intelligent robots and three-dimensional codes, which have invested or participated in, are progressing smoothly, making a good start for a new round of transformation and development; In terms of capital operation, Fujian Tendering Co., Ltd. was formally established, and the "6 18" industrial equity investment fund entered operation …

　　In the structural reform of the supply side, the provincial bidding group has formed a trend of "double highs" of high-end service industry and high-tech industry. "In the face of the new normal of economic development, with the guidance and support of the provincial SASAC, we focus on developing three major sectors of business. While providing excellent engineering and technical consulting services, we integrate resources to invest in new formats such as modern logistics parks, and rely on the’ 6 18′ platform to develop high-tech industries." Chen Wu, Party Secretary and Chairman of the Group, summed up the development ideas of the Group.

　　Seize the opportunity to create new advantages in the main business

　　In mid-October this year, 20 departments, including the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Education, jointly announced the third batch of government-social capital cooperation (PPP) demonstration projects, and 25 projects in Fujian Province were listed, 15 of which were consulted by Fujian Provincial Bidding and Purchasing Group. It is no accident that this achievement was achieved.

　　Fujian tendering and purchasing group was formerly known as Fuzhou mechanical and electrical equipment tendering company, which was established in 1988. In 1990, it became the institution directly under the former Provincial Economic and Trade Commission. In 1992, it was renamed as Fujian mechanical and electrical equipment tendering company. In 2010, it was restructured with the approval of the provincial government and became the only technical service group enterprise among provincial state-owned enterprises.

　　Over the years, the Provincial Tendering and Purchasing Group has kept up with the new development direction of the industry, constantly improved the industrial chain of engineering technical consulting services, and formed business sectors such as engineering consulting, tendering agency, cost consulting, project agent construction, engineering supervision, engineering design, test and geographical mapping, etc. It has obvious advantages in technical consulting services such as bidding, and its business scale and economic benefits have always been among the best in the technical consulting industry of engineering construction projects in China.

　　"The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed that the market should play a decisive role in resource allocation, and the PPP model has become an important measure for the reform of investment and financing systems in various places. We promptly deployed excellent teams and set up PPP consulting centers, becoming the first batch of warehousing PPP consulting institutions in Fujian Province, providing project owners with consulting services in the whole process, such as preliminary preparation, investment selection and social capital, negotiation and assistance in signing agreements. " Chen Wu said.

　　The Provincial Tendering Group has also developed and built an electronic tendering and purchasing platform in combination with "internet plus" to help the work of the national electronic tendering and bidding innovation pilot province in our province. The platform for purchasing bulk materials, the exhibition platform for state-owned enterprises and private enterprises, and the 6.18 "Double Creation" cloud platform are being gradually popularized and applied with the support of relevant departments. With the help of "internet plus", the Group has continuously broadened the breadth and depth of services, vigorously developed high-end services throughout the process, and changed to professional and consulting services, effectively upgrading the main business of existing technical consulting services.

　　Break through the new format of orderly layout in change

　　On December 2nd, at the "2016′ Sky Map Fujian’ Achievement Application Promotion Conference" hosted by the Provincial Basic Geographic Information Center, Fujian Jingwei Surveying and Mapping Information Co., Ltd. proposed a complete solution based on the UAV’s’ Sky Map Fujian’ small area image rapid update mechanism, which aroused great interest of the docking party.

　　In the information age, data is king. Jingwei Surveying and Mapping Company, an enterprise owned by Provincial Tendering Group, got rid of the shackles of traditional surveying and mapping, made great efforts to tap the socialized application of surveying and mapping geographic information industry, further expanded the application of surveying and mapping geographic information in smart cities, smart transportation, smart tourism and other industries, and actively created consumer goods based on surveying and mapping information, such as food, clothing, housing and transportation, which served the public, and achieved fruitful results.

　　In recent years, in the process of integration and reorganization, the provincial bidding group has repeatedly made moves to integrate resources from all sides, create new advantages and lay out new formats.

　　With the transfer of Provincial Traffic Construction Engineering Supervision Consulting Co., Ltd., Provincial Road Port Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd. and Provincial Traffic Construction Engineering Test and Detection Co., Ltd. into wholly-owned subsidiaries, the Group has increased investment in high-end equipment and consolidated the authority and leading advantages of these companies in traffic engineering related fields in our province. In September last year, Provincial Traffic Construction Engineering Test and Testing Co., Ltd. passed the national laboratory accreditation qualification evaluation. In June this year, the provincial and local standard "Technical Specification for Inspection and Evaluation of Prestressed Construction Quality of Highway Engineering Concrete Bridges" edited by the company passed the examination and approval of the Provincial Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision, filling the gap in our province; In November, two provincial and local standards, "Technical Specification for Testing Compactness of Road Fill Subgrade by Electromagnetic Method" and "Technical Specification for Installation and Replacement of Bridge Bearings", were reviewed and approved.

　　While laying a solid foundation, the Group is building an experimental testing base in Pushang Industrial Zone, Jinshan, Fuzhou, which provides good conditions for the development of testing business to be specialized, sophisticated and sophisticated. While investing in the establishment of Fujian Intelligent Maintenance Engineering Co., Ltd., it will integrate the superior resources of all ownership enterprises and apply big data to develop businesses focusing on health inspection and intelligent maintenance of roads and bridges.

　　The provincial tendering group also cooperated with Putian Jiaotou Group to develop the logistics park project of Putian train freight station area. While providing comprehensive project development consultation and construction management, Fujian Minzhao Logistics Park Construction and Development Co., Ltd. will be jointly funded to carry out unified planning, investment, financing, construction and management of park projects, and introduce social capital investment or organize logistics enterprises to participate in investment and development. This project, with a total investment of 5.8 billion yuan, plans to build five parks, namely, e-commerce logistics zone, multimodal transport logistics zone, smart logistics industrial zone, commerce logistics zone and bulk cargo logistics zone, which will be built into a demonstration industrial park in Putian City, integrating e-commerce and its supporting facilities, interacting with the sales, distribution, warehousing and trade of products in surrounding industrial parks, forming a seamless connection with physical stores, and creating a new format of modern logistics construction and operation.

　　In addition, this year, it also signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement with Ningde Urban Construction Group, which will carry out all-round cooperation in project management, engineering consulting services and investment and development of new logistics platforms.

　　Keep a close eye on "6 18" and cultivate new growth points

　　Recently, Fujian Judian New Energy Co., Ltd., a holding subsidiary of the bidding group, completed the bidding for the renovation project of the comprehensive office building, and is preparing to start related projects. The company introduced the patented technology of "Large-capacity solid-state power lithium battery" from Beijing Shenzhou Judian, implemented industrialization in Wuyi New District, and will produce large-capacity polymer lithium-ion batteries by stages.

　　Marching into high-tech industries, the provincial bidding group is taking solid steps.

　　In 2015, the provincial government decided to hand over the market-oriented operation function of the China Strait Project Fair (referred to as "6 18"), which has been successfully held for more than ten sessions, and approved the group to initiate the establishment of the "6 18" industrial equity investment fund to carry out the incubation and industrialization of the "6 18" docking project.

　　Seize the opportunity of docking cutting-edge scientific and technological achievements, the provincial tendering group has successively invested and established Fujian 618 Industrial Development Co., Ltd., Minzhao Industrial Investment Fund Management Co., Ltd., 618 Information Technology Co., Ltd. and other ownership companies.

　　This year, "6 18" was operated by the group for the first time. According to the work arrangement of the provincial party committee and government, closely centering on the "June 18th" strategic plan, and under the guidance of the provincial development and reform commission, the provincial tendering group promoted all the work with the concept of "government guidance, market-oriented operation and professional management" and achieved good results.

　　The Group also organized professional teams to actively search for high-tech projects in line with the national and provincial key industrial policies through the "6 18" platform. On the one hand, the "6.18" industrial equity investment fund will drive more social capital to participate in the incubation and industrialization of the "6.18" docking project and strengthen the transformation effect of the "6.18" project; On the other hand, it directly participates in the landing industrialization of some projects by means of equity investment, laying the foundation for the development of high-tech industries.

　　"Large-capacity solid-state power lithium battery" is the exhibition project of "June 18th" this year. On June 21st, the tendering group signed an investment intention cooperation agreement with the project and the three-dimensional code project. At present, the project has basically completed the preliminary work and is preparing to start construction, while the three-dimensional code project is also progressing in an orderly manner and the investment will be completed in the near future. In addition, after the "6 18" exhibition, the bidding group also actively docked with Haixi Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences and reached cooperation intentions on six-axis joint robots and other projects.

　　"While running’ 6 18′ well, relying on this innovative platform, we will seize the link of transformation and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, promote the transformation and upgrading of’ 6 18′, and at the same time invest in a number of high-tech transformation projects, making it a new growth point and the focus of transformation and upgrading of the Group." Chen Wu said.

Source | A drug Buff

In December 2021, Pfizer COVID-19 took the medicine orally. Paxlovid Obtain FDA emergency use authorization.

In February 2022,Paxlovid It was approved by emergency conditions in National Medical Products Administration, China, and then it was written into the latest diagnosis and treatment plan.

Paxlovid It has been approved for listing in more than 50 countries around the world.

but Paxlovid　Its use in the real world is full of controversy.

"I thank the pharmaceutical companies for providing patients with effective COVID-19 therapy. But I am also frustrated that these companies seem to be in complete control of the situation, and I believe that Americans can get more benefits from pharmaceutical giants as long as our regulators dare to ask. Paxlovid was approved based on a study that seems to exaggerate the benefits that most Americans can get from this drug, rather than providing us with more information about it. " This is a primary care doctor at Weill Cornell Medical College in new york when talking about Covid-19’s therapeutic drugs. Paul Fenyves Some feelings.

Among the antiviral drugs in COVID-19, Pfizer’s Paxlovid Has become an obvious winner for two reasons:

Firstly, compared with monoclonal antibodies and Remdesivir, Paxlovid, as a pill, is easier to administer.

Secondly, Paxlovid seems to be very effective. A clinical trial shows that,Hospitalization or death of high-risk patients who received treatment decreased by 89%..

It seems to be very effective because there is a problem: FDA’s emergency use authorization (EUA) for Paxlovid is only based on the data of a single trial, and the trial only includes people who have never been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine before. At present, 76% of American adults have been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine, and it is estimated that 58% of Americans have been infected with Covid-19, so the experiment supporting Paxlovid EUA is not directly applicable to most Americans.

This means that doctors who treat patients with COVID-19 do not know to what extent (if any) Paxlovid can benefit patients who have been vaccinated. Doctors only have hope and speculation, and continue to prescribe Paxlovid to high-risk patients in COVID-19, but they are not sure whether they are really helping them.

Paxlovid Generic has been authorized in 95 countries.

History seems familiar.

Paxlovid’s current situation is reminiscent of previous antiviral drugs.oseltamivirIt was also controversial during the outbreak of swine flu.

Influenza kills an average of 40,000 Americans and hundreds of thousands of people around the world every year, so everyone is trying to develop antiviral drugs that can reduce its severity. Roche first introduced it in 1999.oseltamivir (oseltamivir), it is such a drug. Clinical studies reported by Roche show that existing evidence shows that Tamiflu reduces the risk of pneumonia, which is a common and important complication of influenza. For many years, doctors’ impression of using Tamiflu is that it reduces the risk of serious diseases.

Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate capsule) is indicated for the treatment of influenza A and B in adults and children over one year old. Patients should use it within 48 hours of the first symptom.

Tamiflu was included in the list of essential drugs by WHO. During the influenza outbreak in 2009, governments all over the world spent a lot of money to reserve a lot of Tamiflu to protect their citizens, because its manufacturer said, "Trust us, it works!" .

The Cochrane Collaboration made a meta-analysis of the clinical trial data of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Legonqing of GSK) and all published literature research results, and formed a comprehensive report, which was published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) on April 10th, 2014.

The report pointed out that, oseltamivir can reduce the proportion of symptomatic influenza in prevention research.It can shorten the time needed for symptom relief in treatment research; However, there is no obvious effect in improving the hospitalization rate, and there is no strong evidence to support the reduction of influenza complications such as pneumonia, which has no obvious effect in reducing the spread of the virus. At the same time, it also questioned the practice of many countries in the world to reserve Tamiflu to prevent influenza pandemic.

In response to these reports, Roche issued a statement saying that it disagreed with the overall conclusion of Cochrane Collaboration Group. This report did not include all the data about Tamiflu, "only included 20 research data from 77 clinical trials they had mastered, and excluded the actual data obtained from observational trials".

However, in 2017, WHO adjusted Tamiflu from "core drug" in the list of essential drugs to "supplementary drug", and the applicable population was hospitalized critically ill patients who were diagnosed or suspected of influenza.

Although many doctors are skeptical about Tamiflu, they are like Paul Fenyves Similarly, they can’t ignore a drug that may be helpful to patients, especially the drug approved by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Therefore, doctors continue to prescribe Tamiflu to patients with high-risk influenza, hoping that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

Paxlovid’s data

Paxlovid’s situation is not exactly the same as Tamiflu’s, but there must be some "historical reappearance": doctors have to make clinical decisions on antiviral drugs for respiratory viruses without sufficient data.

There are two noteworthy facts about the people who participated in the Paxlovid trial. They were not vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine and had never been infected with Covid-19 before.

First of all, even if the Paxlovid trial began in July 2021, only a few Americans were in the category of unvaccinated and uninfected with Covid-19, so the test results were never directly applicable to most Americans.

Secondly, Paxlovid is obviously more effective for people who have not been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine or have never been infected before, so the experiments supporting its use exaggerate the benefits that most people see from the drug.

Maybe you will say that Pfizer has started to test Paxlovid in high-risk population who have been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine, yes, but this trial is a mixture of vaccinated and unvaccinated patients, which may confuse the problem. More importantly, the test results will not be released until November 2022.

On April 29th, Pfizer released a phase II/III clinical (EPIC-PEP) study of Paxlovid for post-exposure prevention. The results show that,Paxlovid failed to reach the main end point, that is, effectively preventing the infection of family members who had contact with confirmed patients in COVID-19.. Therefore, Paxlovid has no preventive effect.

Who cares?

Pfizer’s first experiment exaggerated the efficacy of Paxlovid, which is not surprising, because as a pharmaceutical company, it has endless motivation to maximize its influence and promote sales.

But to everyone’s surprise, the US federal government will buy Paxlovid worth $5 billion, without Pfizer’s quick action to answer this basic question: "How does Paxlovid perform in high-risk groups who have been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine or previously infected?"

Paxlovid costs $530 (about 3,500 yuan) for a five-day course of treatment, but if there is no proper data, it is impossible to judge whether it is a good deal or a bad one. For example, if it is necessary to prescribe 10,000 courses of Paxlovid for people over 65 who have been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine to prevent one hospitalization, then a government may not place an order immediately; On the contrary, if 10 people can avoid a hospitalization by taking Paxlovid, they will be in a hurry to buy more.

However, if we don’t know the performance of Paxlovid in people who have been vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine, it is impossible to make such calculations.

In addition, given the history of Tamiflu, the requirements for data transparency and independent review should be cautious.

Some people may say, even if we finally learn that Paxlovid’s benefits from people who have been vaccinated or infected before are greatly weakened, who cares?

But this problem is a symbol of a bigger problem: we lack the much-needed independent review of drug clinical trials.

Americans have seen scandals caused by poor supervision. When Covid-19 appeared, the pharmaceutical industry performed exceptionally well, providing safe and effective vaccines in record time. But before that, many Americans had "learned" not to trust Big Pharma, so many people (tragically) rejected this life-saving intervention.

Comparison of Action Mechanism between COVID-19 Vaccine and Oral Medicine

The discussion around "vaccine indecision" mainly focuses on false information, but what is missing is to admit that the pharmaceutical industry has wasted public trust for decades.

Instead of continuing to feel depressed about people who have not been vaccinated, we should reflect on ourselves and then start rebuilding the public’s trust step by step, which will be a long-term work.

　　The criminal suspect Lemou confessed to the crime of fraud by shaking audio and video. Photo courtesy of the police

　　Zhongxin. com, Changchun, September 18 (Sun Boyan, Chai Jiaquan) Changchun police reported on the 18 th that the police cracked a live webcast platform — — In the fraud case carried out by Shaking Audio and Video, one suspect was arrested, and many cases were solved in the first instance, involving more than 5 million yuan.

　　The case was jointly cracked by the Second Squadron of Criminal Police Brigade of Erdao Branch of Changchun Public Security Bureau and Qianjinbao Police Station. According to the police, in late July this year, the Qianjinbao police station in Erdao District of Changchun City received several reports from young women, claiming that they knew an anchor on the vibrato video, and after becoming a fan, they brushed gifts for him in the live broadcast room for a long time.

　　The anchor wooed through emotion and established a love relationship with many victims at the same time.

　　Lin Jiansen, political commissar of the Interpol Brigade of Erdao Branch of Changchun Municipal Public Security Bureau, said that the anchor tricked the victim into brushing gifts and filling tasks on the platform by setting up a media company to distribute the shares of the guild or because of difficulties in life. The victim believed it and brushed gifts for him in the live broadcast room with amounts ranging from several thousand yuan to several hundred thousand yuan.

　　Lin Jiansen said that when the victim had no money to brush the gift or could not complete the task, the criminal suspect cut him off from the WeChat friend to achieve the purpose of illegally possessing property.

　　Zhang Tong, director of Qianjinbao Police Station of Erdao Branch of Changchun Public Security Bureau, said that the main suspect in this case had 188,000 fans on the Tik Tok online platform and was praised by 1.38 million people. He was a typical public figure in online celebrity, with great social influence and far-reaching negative demonstration effect.

　　After the case occurred, Song Jindong, deputy head of Erdao District of Changchun City and director of the public security bureau, attached great importance to it, dispatched elite police forces from criminal police, Netan and police stations to set up a task force, and held several case judgment meetings to analyze the case, determine the investigation direction and guide the case investigation. The police of the task force collected and fixed a large amount of evidence from Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Harbin and other places.

　　On the afternoon of September 17, the police of the task force decisively closed the net, arrested the suspect Le Mou in a residential area in Erdao District, Changchun City, and seized a large number of crime tools and posters such as laptops and mobile phones on the spot.

　　After the trial, the suspect Lemou confessed to the crime of fraud by shaking audio and video. At present, the person has been under criminal detention and the case is under further investigation.

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, February 19 (Reporter Xu Penghang, Gu Tiancheng) Wu Liangyou, deputy director of the CDC of the National Health and Wellness Commission, introduced at the press conference of the joint prevention and control mechanism in the State Council on February 19 that the National Health and Wellness Commission has recently started to deploy sequential enhanced immunization with the approval of the joint prevention and control mechanism in the State Council.

Sequential inoculation refers to interval inoculation (alternate inoculation) of the same vaccine with different technical routes. Shao Yiming, a member of the expert group of vaccine research and development special class of the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism, said that for viruses with strong variability and difficult to deal with, sequential immunization is often adopted.

Shao Yiming said that there are two main purposes to adopt sequential immunization: one is that different vaccines can complement each other, and the other is that different personal constitutions may have more side effects on a certain type of vaccine, and vaccination with different technical routes can avoid side effects.

Wang Huaqing, chief expert of immunization program of China CDC, said that some countries in America, Europe and Southeast Asia have started to implement sequential immunization. The World Health Organization supports flexible homologous and heterologous vaccination programs. For countries considering heterogeneous vaccination, it is recommended to adopt Covid-19 vaccine with different technical routes from the first vaccination for subsequent doses.

What are the precautions for receiving sequential booster immunization? Wang Huaqing introduced that there are four important conditions for sequential immunization:

First, the target of this sequential booster immunization is people over 18 years old.

Secondly, the vaccinated object must meet the conditions of having completed two doses of inactivated vaccine inoculation, and these two doses were inoculated with Covid-19 inactivated vaccine from Sinopharm Zhongsheng Beijing Company, Beijing Kexing Company and Sinopharm Zhongsheng Wuhan Company.

Third, two doses of inactivated vaccine should be inoculated in the whole process, and the inoculation interval should not be shorter than 6 months.

Fourth, the vaccinated subjects have not been vaccinated, that is, they have not received the third injection.

Wang Huaqing suggested that you should truthfully report your health status to the vaccinator when you are vaccinated, and you should stay under observation for 30 minutes after vaccination. If there are any adverse reactions suspected to be related to vaccination, if the symptoms are serious for a long time, you should report to the vaccinator and seek medical advice in time.

"The research data show that both homologous immunization and sequential immunization can further improve the immune effect." Wu Liangyou called on people who meet the vaccination conditions to take the initiative to vaccinate and vaccinate as soon as possible.

[Where will Android 7.0 change? 】

As the two operating systems with the largest number of users at present, which one is better, Android or iOS?

Users who like iOS value its high program execution efficiency and good system fluency. At the same time, due to the uniqueness of hardware, there is basically no software compatibility problem and a large number of applications. Users who like Android take a fancy to its open source, open system and good customization. The application covers a wide range and the price is relatively cheap.

With the debate between users on both sides, iOS evolved to version 9.0.Google also officially announced recently that it will hold the 2016 I/O Developers Conference on May 18th this year, during which the most striking thing is the release of Android 7.0.

At present, there are many rumors about the new features of Android7.0. According to these rumors and the changes of previous systems, we also made a guess and launched a fake evaluation about Android7.0.

The vice president of Android Engineering once said in an interview with the media that Google has changed the release strategy of Android system to "Annual Cadence of Big Releases".

At last year’s GoogleI/O Developers Conference, Google brought people a new version of Android M system, in addition to Android Wear, VR and other projects. Through the naming of previous generations of systems, we can see that Google has a good preference for food names, but for the naming of new Android systems, this year seems to be different. At present, most of the guesses are Android N.

The outside world hopes that Google will strengthen security, ease of use of tablets, parallel application of multitasking, etc. At the same time, it is reported that Google is pulling into the distance between Android and Chrome OS.

Major system changes are usually accompanied by various bugs, so every generation of new systems will always improve the problems and missing contents of the previous version. For example, Android M has improved the power consumption of the previous Android 5.0 exposure, increased the function of managing permissions, customized the notification bar, etc. The new system has also improved in some minor aspects, and the whole system is more user-friendly. However, from the UI point of view, 6.0 has not changed, and it still uses the interface design of 5.0.

So besides the interface changes, what will Android 7.0 improve?

[Make up for the shortage of finished versions and upgrade independently to solve fragmentation]

Solve fragmentation-independent upgrade

First of all, we know that the fragmentation of Android system is very serious, and it has even reached a level that restricts the development of the system. By the end of last year, the upgrade rate of Android 6.0 has not reached 0.3% for several months after its release, which is only higher than that of Android 2.2 Froyo system, which was released in 2010, and its current share is only 0.2%.

On the contrary, the adoption rate of Apple’s iOS 9 system is 75%, and the remaining majority share is occupied by iOS 8, and the proportion of early versions is almost negligible.

The upgrade rate of Android6.0 has not reached 0.3% since it was released several months ago.

The main reason for this problem is that Google system upgrade cannot completely avoid manufacturers and operators. Whenever a new system is released, only Google’s own Nexus devices can get a quick upgrade. For non-Nexus devices, it will take a long time to use the new system, so Android 7.0 is likely to adopt an independent upgrade method.

At present, the upgrade function of smart APP has begun to APPear, so that users do not need to install the whole APP, but only need to install the parts that are not available in the existing version of the app, thus reducing the scale of system upgrade.

Android 7.0 can refer to this model, first upgrade the core functions, then hand over the changes of interface and software functions to manufacturers and operators, and then increase them, then everyone can quickly upgrade the new system, thus ending the fragmentation of Android.

Improve password management

The program password management function in Android6.0 is not complete.

At present, fingerprint identification has become the mainstream, and Google Nexus 6P/6 is equipped with a fingerprint identification module for the first time. However, in Android 6.0, the smart password lock function is placed at the bottom of the inconspicuous settings menu, and the program password management function is incomplete. If you uninstall or reinstall the APP, the original settings will be restored.

The smart password lock function allows users to log in to the APP automatically, but there are still many apps that don’t support it. Android N may improve this function and make it easier for users to use the password management function.

More reasonable authorization management

At present, the authorization of Android 6.0 APP is decentralized, which means that users can choose specific individual authorization, or they can let specific programs refuse authorization and change settings at any time. This function makes many users puzzled, so many domestic manufacturers develop their own software to help users manage authorization better.

APP authorization of Android6.0 is decentralized.

On Android 7.0, it will avoid the authorization status that users need to look for patiently in the APP settings. With better authorization management function, its process will be more intuitive, users can better control the authorization of APP while keeping the whole process simple, and major manufacturers only need to slightly modify the authorization management.

Solve the problem of large screen of mobile phone-one-handed mode

With the smartphone screen getting bigger and bigger, there are countless large-screen mobile phones in the market. Apple has launched a 5.5-inch iPhone 6S Plus, not to mention Android.

There are many Android phones over 6 inches on the market. Although the screen view is large, the big-screen phones also bring distress to those who like to operate with one hand.

Smartphone screens are getting bigger and bigger.

The common practice of domestic manufacturers is to increase the one-hand mode, and achieve one-hand operation by reducing the screen display content. iOS can also pull down the screen content to the middle by touching the Home button twice, but Google officially has not optimized the large-size mobile phone. Therefore, it has become an exciting thing for Android 7.0 to join the one-hand mode.

On November 9th, Leopard 5, the first model of Equation Leopard Automobile, was officially launched, with a price range of 289.8-352.8 million yuan. This time, three models with different configurations were launched, namely, the exploration version, the pilot version and the Yunqi flagship version. Are you satisfied with the final price? Welcome to leave a message in the comment area.

In appearance, Leopard 5 adopts a square box shape that is popular in recent times. Indeed, the square outline and straight lines make it show more tough style, which is also in line with the feeling of a hard-core SUV. All-LED matrix headlights are integrated with the mesh grille, which is visually integrated. The body dimensions of Leopard 5 are 4890mm long, 1970mm wide, 1920mm high and 2800mm wheelbase. In terms of body shape, Leopard 5 is equivalent to Mercedes-Benz G-class, which is also the mainstream level of hard-core SUV.

In terms of functions, Leopard 5 supports Bluetooth and NFC keys, which is in line with the current mainstream performance. As a hard-core SUV, side pedals are also necessary. After all, the body is relatively high, and the Leopard 5 comes with fixed pedals as standard. If consumers have demand, they can choose electric pedals.

In some parameters related to cross-country, the approach angle of Leopard 5 is 35, the departure angle is 32, the longitudinal passing angle is 20, and the minimum ground clearance is 220 mm.. If the version equipped with Yunqi -P is selected, its approach angle will be increased by 4, departure angle will be increased by 3, longitudinal passing angle will be increased by 7, and the minimum ground clearance can reach 310mm, which is a very outstanding level in the hard-core SUV.

The shape of the rear of the car, in addition to the square style, the design of the taillights has its own characteristics. It uses a flat tailgate and is also equipped with an electric suction function, which makes it much easier to open and close the tailgate every day. As a hard-core SUV, Leopard 5 also provides a 2.5-ton trailer qualification option.

In terms of interiors, Leopard 5 can not only see the style of hard-core SUV, but also see the feeling of urban SUV in details. It is equipped with a 12.3-inch full LCD instrument, a 15.6-inch 2.5k central touch screen and a 12.3-inch passenger entertainment screen. The electronic gear shift lever will automatically rise after each vehicle starts, which is really quite ceremonial. The crystal button behind the gear shift lever also brings a certain sense of exquisiteness to the car. In use, you will find that it not only keeps a lot of physical buttons, but also the size of each button is quite large, which is also considered to be convenient for everyone to operate after wearing gloves.

Leopard 5 is the first model based on DMO super hybrid off-road platform. It uses a 4-wheel drive system consisting of a 1.5T high-power engine and front and rear dual motors. The maximum power of the front and rear motors is 200kW and 285kW respectively, and the comprehensive maximum torque reaches 760 Nm. The official acceleration time is 4.8 seconds. Its CLTC pure electric cruising range is 125km, its comprehensive fuel consumption is 7.8 liters per 100 kilometers in the state of power loss, and its comprehensive maximum cruising range can reach 1200km. This ability can fully cope with these special environments of crossing no man’s land.

In terms of charging, Leopard 5 not only supports the maximum DC fast charging of 100kW, but after it starts the static charging mode of the engine, the charging power of the engine itself can reach 20kW, and the ability of stopping and charging is also quite strong. In addition, Leopard 5 also supports 6.6kW external power protection function, and there is also a 2.2kW 220V power interface inside the trunk, which is very convenient for friends who like camping.

As for the four-wheel drive, in addition to the structure of the front and rear motors, it is also equipped with the front and rear differential locking function and the four-wheel drive low-speed mode, and the torque output is amplified, which makes the vehicle more passable. This time, the price of Leopard 5 is very competitive. In the same price range, Tank 400 Hi4-T and Tank 500 Hi4-T are believed to be its competitors, but I want to say that Leopard 5 still has more advantages in cross-country ability and economy. If it were you, who would you choose?

Recently, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced the latest batch of "Announcement of Road Motor Vehicle Manufacturers and Products", including many brand-new models. However, a brand-new SUV under the brand of Chang ‘an Deep Blue has been published by "ideal employees".

The reason for being spit out is that the new SUV of Changan Deep Blue is quite similar to the model of the ideal brand.

According to the application information, the new car will be named Deep Blue S09, which will locate a large SUV, be equipped with a power system and adopt a six-seat layout. The appearance design of the new car is quite similar to that of the ideal car. The front face is equipped with a continuous light belt, and the design of a split headlight group is also adopted. With a closed middle net, the whole car is quite atmospheric.

The waistline and skirt line on the side of the car body are relatively straight, and the design of hidden door handles is adopted, and bright silver window trims are equipped, while the B-pillar and C-pillar are blackened, which highlights some sense of grade. The layout of the rear of the car is relatively simple, equipped with a persistent taillight group and a small tail, and equipped with a dark blue LOGO in the middle of the light group, and the LOGO supports lighting, which improves the recognition of the whole car.

In terms of body size, the car’s body length, width and height are 5205/1996/1800mm and the wheelbase is 3105mm, which is a large SUV. For reference, the length, width and height of the car body of the same large SUV are 5218/1998/1800mm, and the wheelbase is 3105mm, which also adopts a 6-seat layout.

In addition, the new car will be equipped with privacy glass, electric pedal, rear enclosure decoration, front enclosure decoration and side enclosure decoration, and a variety of wheels can be selected. In terms of smart driving, the new car will be equipped with a roof lidar and a camera, which is expected to support high-level smart driving solutions.

In terms of power, the new car will adopt a power system, in which the range extender adopts a 1.5T engine of the same model, with a maximum power of 110kW and a maximum torque of 220N·m；; The motor is a four-wheel drive model equipped with a single-motor two-drive model and a front-rear dual-motor model, in which the total motor power of the single-motor model is 231kW；; The version of the model is 131kW and 231kW respectively. At the same time, the battery pack is adopted and supports external discharge.

Write to the end

Judging from the appearance and positioning of the new car, it is expected that the new car will benchmark the ideal L9 model and will be equipped with a high-level intelligent driving scheme. However, the official guide price range of the ideal L9 is 409,800 yuan and 439,800 yuan.

Then, if Deep Blue S09 is also on sale at 400,000, will you buy it?

[car home Weihai Preferential Promotion Channel] At present, there is a large discount in Weihai, with the highest discount amount reaching 134,900, making the minimum starting price only 317,000. If you are interested in BMW i4, please click "Check the car price" in the quotation form to get more discounts.

The exterior design of BMW i4 is full of futuristic and dynamic feeling. Its front face is designed with a closed kidney-shaped air intake grille and sharp LED headlights on both sides, showing a strong sense of technology and sports atmosphere. The body lines are smooth, and the overall style is simple and elegant, which shows the consistent luxury and sports genes of BMW brand. The appearance of BMW i4 is not only impressive, but also shows BMW’s unique views on the design of future electric vehicles.

BMW i4 has smooth body lines and compact body proportions. Its body size is 4785*1852*1455mm, and its wheelbase reaches 2856mm, providing spacious space for passengers in the car. The front and rear wheel tracks are 1601mm and 1630mm respectively, which ensures the stability and handling performance of the vehicle. The BMW i4 is equipped with 18-inch rims, which are 245/45 R18 in tyre size and 255/45 R18 in tyre size, which not only improves the grip of the vehicle, but also endows the BMW i4 with a unique sports style.

The interior design of BMW i4 fully demonstrates the brand’s pursuit of luxury and technology, and the overall style is simple and modern. The center console is equipped with a 14.9-inch touch screen, which integrates multimedia system, navigation and telephone functions, and supports voice recognition control to provide drivers with a convenient operating experience. The steering wheel is made of leather and equipped with manual up-and-down and forward-and-backward adjustment functions, ensuring the comfort of drivers at different heights and positions. The front seats are made of high-quality imitation leather or genuine leather, and the main and passenger seats have the functions of front and rear adjustment, backrest adjustment, height adjustment, leg rest adjustment and waist support, and support the heating function, providing excellent riding comfort. In addition, the driver’s seat is also equipped with an electric seat memory function, which is convenient for the driver to remember and restore the seat position. The car is also equipped with two USB and Type-C charging interfaces in the front row and the rear row, as well as the wireless charging function of the mobile phone in the front row, which meets various needs in modern travel. The rear seats can be laid down in proportion, which increases the flexibility of the trunk space. Generally speaking, the interior of BMW i4 not only pays attention to practicality and comfort, but also incorporates rich technology configuration, bringing unparalleled experience to drivers and passengers.

The BMW i4 is equipped with a powerful motor with a maximum power of 250 kW and a maximum torque of 430 Nm, providing drivers with abundant power and a smooth driving experience.

The owner of car home spoke highly of the BMW i4. He specifically mentioned that this car has excellent sound insulation effect, abundant power and excellent design, especially the matching of volcanic red interior. He thinks that it is as good as Mercedes-Benz’s sister, and its overall performance is satisfactory.