分类归档 fun

Source: lookout think tank Author: Li Ting

There is such a person:

Seventy years ago, in the battlefield to resist US aggression and aid Korea, he used several cans to resist the electronic interference of the US military, which greatly improved the combat effectiveness of our air force. Wang Chen, the founding lieutenant general, entrusted him with a heavy responsibility. "From now on, you will be in charge of the radar of the whole army";

Sixty years ago, in China’s coastal areas, he actively developed the sharp weapon of the air force, repeatedly shot down the u-2 reconnaissance plane of the US military that invaded China’s airspace for reconnaissance, and built a national defense security barrier;

In recent years, he has been indispensable in China’s manned space flight, space station and lunar exploration projects.

He is Zhang Lvqian.

todayGod, we walked into the story of him and our air force radar.

Zhang Lvqian is in Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center.

one

"Never go back until you solve this problem."

In June 1950, after the Korean War broke out, the American b-29 heavy bomber (nicknamed "Super Air Fortress"), a veteran who participated in the Second World War, returned to the rivers and lakes and carried out carpet bombing on various targets in North Korea. For a time, the b-29 heavy bomber was like nobody’s business.

Soon, with the participation of the Soviet Air Force, the MIG-15 fighter, the nemesis of the b-29, came.

Show the paintings of MIG-15 beating b-29.

On April 12th, 1951, 48 B-29s attempted to bomb the Yalu River Bridge in Anton under the cover of nearly 100 F-80s and F-84s. The Sino-Soviet Air Force dispatched about 80 MIG-15s to intercept, of which 30 MIG-15s broke through the defense line of escort fighters to attack the b-29 fleet. Three B-29s were shot down on the spot, seven were seriously damaged, and the bombing mission was interrupted.

After this "Black Thursday", the US Air Force suspended the bombing of large bombers for nearly three months.

Since then, in the large-scale air battle from October 22 to 27, 1951, five more B-29s of the US military were shot down on the spot, six were seriously damaged, crashed or landed during the return flight, and more than 10 others were injured.On October 28th, the US Air Force Command ordered to stop the daytime strategic bombing of large bomber clusters and change the use of bombers to small-batch tactical support at night.

In air combat at night, radar is the eye of the plane.

The US military converted some B-29s into electronic combat aircraft, which interfered with the radars of the Chinese and Korean armies. According to the declassified data of the United States after the war, the electronic warfare equipment used by the US military at that time was basically the second-hand color used in World War II, and the relevant technicians were also scarce; The latest electronic warfare equipment was not used in the Korean battlefield for confidentiality reasons.

It can be said that compared with the peak at the end of World War II, the US military’s electronic warfare strength has dropped a lot, but it is still at the world’s leading level.

Electronic jamming equipment installed inside the b-29 heavy bomber.

At that time, most of the radars equipped by the Chinese and Korean armed forces were old models used by the Soviet Union in World War II. Under the interference of the U.S. military, nothing can be seen on the radar screen, or snowflake noise appears, which can’t guide the fighter to take off and fight.

This problem was quickly reported to Wang Chen, who was then the head of the communications department of the Central Military Commission. Wang Chen rushed to Dandong radar station on the border between China and North Korea overnight to sit in the town himself.After watching the whole process of radar jamming, he seriously said to a young subordinate, "I will never go back until I solve this problem."

This is a determination and an order.

Wang Chen’s subordinate was only in his twenties at that time. He was a college student who had just graduated and had not been exposed to radar for a long time.

Can he handle the electronic interference of the US military?

2

"From now on, the radar of the whole army will be in your charge."

This young man’s name is Zhang Lvqian.

On March 1, 1926, he was born into a peasant family in huanghua town, Changsha, Hunan. His father was a well-known local doctor, so he was named Lu Qian in the hope that he would "fulfill his modesty".

After graduating from primary school, Zhang Lvqian met with the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, and finished his middle school studies in the midst of displacement. In 1946, he was admitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering in Tsinghua University with his high school classmate Zhu Rongji, and lived in the same dormitory (Mingzhai 117). Zhu Rongji later served as the president of Tsinghua University Student Union, and often went out to participate in activities.Zhang Lvqian saw that he didn’t have any decent winter clothes, so he gave him his best one-a leather jacket.

In December 1948, Zhang Lvqian secretly joined the Communist Party of China (CPC). After graduating from college in 1951, he was assigned to the Communications Department of the Central Military Commission. Minister Wang Qian attached great importance to party member, a Tsinghua University graduate, and arranged for him to engage in radar.Radar was a high-tech at that time, and it was a strange major for Zhang Lvqian, but he insisted on the belief: "As long as the work requires, I will do what the party asks me to do, and I will do it well."

Zhang Lvqian studied radar-related knowledge assiduously, carefully read the foreign version of "Fundamentals of Radar" and translated it into Chinese for his peers to learn. He also went to the radar army to learn about the working conditions of radar.

As the first radar technician in the Communication Department of the Military Commission, Zhang Lvqian took over the anti-jamming task given to him by Wang Chen on the battlefield of resisting US aggression and aiding Korea. He stayed at the radar station for more than ten days, observing the interference phenomenon with the radar technician and discussing the countermeasures.

Soviet p-20 radar was used in the Korean War.

Radar jamming can be divided into passive and active categories. At that time, the passive jamming was that the aircraft threw metal chaff. This jamming method was simple in technology, but it was difficult to jam the radar continuously for a long time. Active jamming was the main jamming method used by the US military at that time (and still is). The radar jammer can be regarded as a small radar, which can achieve the effect of blinding radar by emitting signals with the same frequency as the real radar.

In the analysis and research of jamming phenomenon, Zhang Lvqian found that whenever the working frequency of radar is changed, the jamming phenomenon will disappear for a period of time before it appears, and when the radar works at the highest or lowest working frequency, the jamming seems to be weakened.

Now, we know that this happened because the internal working parameters of the early radar jammer used by the US military at that time needed manual adjustment by the operator. Once the radar operating frequency changes, the operator needs to search for the new operating frequency first, and then set the jammer to this frequency. During this time period, the radar is undisturbed and can work normally.

In addition, due to the limited space and power supply on the plane, the performance of radar jammer will also be limited. In addition, the Soviet Union kept the technical performance parameters of radar strictly confidential. The radar jammer used by the US military at that time was originally aimed at German and Japanese radars during World War II and could not completely cover the working frequency range of Soviet radars.

At that time, it was impossible for Zhang Lvqian to understand it in that detail, but he quickly summed up several measures to deal with interference: changing radar frequency quickly, expanding radar frequency band, installing instantaneous automatic gain control circuit, and locating interference sources jointly by multiple stations.Although these measures are simple, they are very effective.

In fact, the early radar jamming and anti-jamming test the hand speed of both operators.

In the absence of radio equipment, Zhang Lvqian creatively cut several empty cans into semicircles to make "capacitors", and connected these "capacitors" with hemp ropes and pull rods to rotate synchronously. By changing their relative positions in combat, the radar frequency was changed quickly.Using "small cans to solve the big anti-interference problem".

This fast frequency hopping anti-jamming method is still an effective anti-jamming means used by various modern radars until now.Zhang Lvqian also summed up the anti-jamming experience at the front line, wrote operating rules and issued them to the whole army, which became the first electronic countermeasures regulation of our army.

In recognition of Zhang Lvqian’s work in the front line of North Korea, the Communication Department of the Military Commission gave him a third-class commendation at the end of the year.

Wang Qian said to him happily, "Young man, from now on, you will be in charge of the radar of the whole army."

In 1953, the first radar jamming and anti-jamming group of our army was formally established, with Zhang Lvqian as the team leader and Wang Chen as the deputy team leader.

three

Repeatedly build air force sharp weapons

In 1954, the air force entered Fujian and put it on the agenda.

At that time, the Kuomintang deployed radar stations on the islands along the coast of Fujian, and it was easy to be found when our army flew directly, thus losing the suddenness of combat operations. If the aircraft is packed and disassembled and transported by land, it will be time-consuming and laborious, and the aircraft will not be able to form combat effectiveness immediately after disassembly.

Zhang Lvqian ushered in a new task, when our air force was stationed in Fujian, it conducted electronic jamming on Taiwan Province’s radar.

After careful consideration, he suggested that jamming is a sharp weapon to win in combat operations, and it should not be used easily at ordinary times. He suggested that Taiwan Province’s radar should be electronically reconnoitred to find the blind spot covered by its radar, and the plane could enter Fujian through the blind spot.

This suggestion was adopted.

In the next half year, he took a small team to various hills and islands in Fujian. Through reconnaissance, orientation and other measurements, he obtained data such as the number, function, frequency and range of Taiwan Province radars, mapped out the radar layout map and blind area map of Taiwan Province, and sent them to the General Staff Warfare Department, which provided important information for our air force in Fujian.

In the autumn of 1957, Zhang Lvqian was transferred to the Second Branch of the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense (now the Second Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology) as the deputy director of the radar research office, and began to imitate the Soviet 1059 short-range surface-to-surface missile (later named "Dongfeng No.1"), specifically responsible for the imitation of the missile yaw corrector.

During this period, he overcame the difficulties caused by the sudden withdrawal of Soviet experts. After more than 200 experiments, he completed the task through self-developed instruments, equipment and substitute materials.

Dongfeng-1 missile exhibited in the museum.

Since 1962, the United States began to use the u-2 reconnaissance plane, piloted by Taiwan Province pilots, to conduct reconnaissance activities on the mainland. At that time, the only thing that could shoot down u-2 was the Sam -2 missile.

Sam -2 missile is the first generation surface-to-air missile of the Soviet Union. After seeing the plane, the radar transmits the position of the missile plane by radio to guide the missile to attack the target.Therefore, the guidance radar is equivalent to the eyes of a missile.

After completing the imitation of the Soviet 1059 short-range surface-to-surface missile, Zhang Lvqian made persistent efforts and devoted himself to the imitation of the Soviet Sam -2 surface-to-air missile, taking charge of the imitation of the transceiver system of the guidance radar station. [Note: The imitation and improved models of Sam -2 missile were later named "Red Flag 1" and "Red Flag 2". 】

In September 1962, in Jiangxi, Sam -2 missile shot down the first u-2.

The Americans responded quickly and quickly installed a radar reconnaissance and alarm system for u-2-once the guided radar signal of Sam -2 missile was detected, it would alert the pilot.

Our side has developed a "close-to-quick method of warfare" after seeing the move instead of the move.(Zhang Lvqian also contributed to this), first using other radars (such as anti-aircraft gun guidance radar) to illuminate and track u-2 will not trigger its radar reconnaissance and alarm system. Once the u-2 enters the range of the Sam -2 missile, the missile launch preparation is completed within 8 seconds (it used to take 7-8 minutes), and the missile can hit the target within 20 seconds. In such a short time, u-2 has no chance to escape.

Relying on this method, we shot down the second and third U-2s in November 1963 and July 1964.

The wreckage of the u-2 plane on display in the museum.

four

"Deal with a man as he deals with you."

On November 26th, 1964, the u-2 plane invaded again.

Our ground-to-air missile unit was already ready. As soon as the u-2 plane entered the ambush circle, it immediately fired three missiles according to the previous tactics.

At this time, something strange happened: from the radar screen, the enemy plane’s signal was originally in the shape of jujube nucleus, and suddenly there was a gap in the shape of jujube nucleus, and the missile passed through the gap, while the u-2 plane first dropped its height and then rose to escape. After the inspection, there is no problem in combat preparation, weapon operation and various support work.

This scene happened several times, and the missile force realized that the Americans had played a new trick and asked for help from their superiors.

Wang Qian found Zhang Lvqian again: "The main job of the research room is to do research, and the army is the actual operating unit of our research results. Therefore, our research must be combined with the army, and we must work together with the army to find a solution to this problem."

After detailed analysis, Zhang Lvqian concluded that the u-2 plane was loaded with a new electronic jamming system. The missile guidance radar adopts the radar system of scanning while tracking, and uses the maximum echo method to locate. The new electronic jamming system can receive the transmitting signal of the missile guidance radar, add the biased jamming signal modulation, and then transmit it back with the same frequency of the radar to jam and deceive the missile guidance radar. In layman’s terms, it’s like a cover-up for magic. Seeing is not necessarily believing.

Later, in view of this problem, the higher authorities specially held a countermeasure research meeting. At the meeting, Zhang Lvqian elaborated on the principle of this interference and his own anti-interference countermeasures.Put forward onlyIf the transmitting signal of missile guidance radar is changed to continuous irradiation signal, this electronic jamming system will fail.

This move was unanimously affirmed by everyone. Wang Qian said, "A good way is to deal with a man as he deals with you."

Hongqi 2 surface-to-air missile guidance radar station.

Zhang Lvqian went to the relevant factories and, together with the factory technicians, modified the launching and receiving system of missile guidance radar, and quickly developed an anti-jamming device. This improvement measure soon received results. On January 10th, 1965, the fourth u-2 plane was shot down in Inner Mongolia.

Technicians found the electronic jamming system that they had guessed from the wreckage of the u-2 plane.

Next, Zhang Lvqian applied the anti-jamming measures fed back from the front line to the design of Hongqi-2 surface-to-air missile guidance radar station, which greatly improved the anti-jamming performance.

In July 1967, the design of Hongqi No.2 was finalized. On September 8, Hongqi-2 missile shot down the fifth u-2 plane in Jiaxing, Zhejiang. The details of this battle have not been fully disclosed. What is known at present is that the Hongqi-2 missile guidance radar has withstood the test of electronic interference, and the domestic electronic warfare equipment has completely defeated American goods.

Later,Zhang Lvqian presided over the overall anti-missile system radar.Design and break through many key technologies of phased array radar, and develop missile precision tracking radar and satellite ultra-long-range guidance radar.He worked as the chief designer to develop a unified microwave measurement and control system, and conquered the technologies of multi-subcarrier, multi-modulation, precise angle measurement, speed measurement and distance measurement, and remote control and telemetry, and completed the launch and location of the first geosynchronous communication satellite in China.

He also participated in the demonstration and top-level planning of China manned space flight, space station and lunar exploration project., put forward the proposal of adopting land station construction, ocean shipping, node monitoring, relay satellite and internationally compatible measurement and control network, and participate in the technical research of measurement and control equipment; Participate in the overall design of the lunar exploration project, study the information transmission between the moon and the earth, conduct risk assessment on the technology of lunar landing and lunar return, and do a lot of work for the lunar exploration project; Participate in the scheme design and review of the national defense special project in China, and carry out the research on anti-black barrier of information transmission.

In 1995, Zhang Lvqian was elected as an academician of China Academy of Engineering.

In 2010, 84-year-old Zhang Lvqian was hired as the chief expert of the special group on measurement and control of rendezvous and docking of Shenzhou-8 spacecraft and Tiangong-1 target aircraft.

On October 23rd, 2020, Zhang Lvqian, as a representative of the Volunteers, was received by the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader at the conference commemorating the 70th anniversary of Chinese people’s Volunteer Army’s war to resist US aggression and aid Korea.

Zhang Lvqian and the first astronauts took a group photo in front of the recovery module.

Today, one of the pioneers of China’s radar technology, electronic countermeasures and aerospace industry is 94 years old, and he is still busy. He pays attention to international academic trends and shares exchanges with his peers; Browse various news app； every day; After learning to use WeChat at the age of 88, I will make friends and interact with my friends …

This just confirms what Zhang Lvqian said,"I have been dealing with the blue sky all my life, and I have only done two things in my life-learning and practice, practicing after learning, and learning in practice."

References:

1. Being humble and aiming at the blue sky —— Zhang Lvqian, academician of China Academy of Engineering and expert in radar and space electronics technology | Common sense, Economic Daily, November 26, 2019.

2. Challenge the blue sky: edited by Zhang Lvqian Zhong Zhi, an expert in radar and space electronics technology, China Aerospace Press, October 2011.

(The pictures in this article are provided by the author. This article is a cooperation article with Wang Zhengxing. Wang Zhengxing, a former officer in a field unit of the People’s Liberation Army, whose WeChat official account is called "This is War", WeChat ID: xiaoxiaongchumo 123, welcome to pay attention. )

Editor-in-Chief: Gu Wanquan

Author: Li Ting, a lookout think tank

Text Editor: Fang Ying

Title map source: Looking at the think tank

Photo Editor: Zhu Ying

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, May 9 th, People’s Daily signed an exclusive interview on May 9 th: Ask the general trend in the first quarter of the opening season — — Authoritative personages talk about the current economy of China.

　　People’s Daily reporter Gong Wen Xu Zhifeng Wu Qiuyu

　　This year is the decisive stage of building a well-off society in an all-round way and the first year of the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan", and it is also a crucial year to promote structural reform on the supply side. In the first quarter, facing the complicated domestic and international situation, China achieved a good start in economic development, structural optimization and improvement of people’s livelihood, and at the same time faced a series of deep-seated contradictions and problems. What do you think and do about China’s economy in adjustment? Recently, our reporter once again interviewed an authoritative person exclusively, taking the pulse for China’s economic consultation.

　　1. What do you think of the economic situation?

　　The overall situation of economic operation is in line with expectations, and some highlights are better than expectations. However, the inherent contradictions in economic operation have not been alleviated, and some new problems have exceeded expectations. It is difficult to describe it with simple concepts such as "getting a good start" and "Xiaoyangchun"

　　Comprehensive judgment shows that China’s economic operation cannot be U-shaped, let alone V-shaped, but L-shaped. This L-shape is a stage, not a year or two.

　　"Take a step back" means "take two steps forward". China’s economy has sufficient potential, strong resilience and large room for maneuver. Even if it is not stimulated, the speed will not drop much.

　　Don’t be happy about the recovery of some economic indicators; Don’t panic if some economic indicators go down.

　　Q: In the first quarter of this year, China’s GDP increased by 6.7% year-on-year, which was still in a reasonable range, better than market expectations. At the same time, some other economic indicators are also obviously warm. Some people think that China’s economy has achieved a "good start", others think that it has entered a "small spring", and some optimists think that China’s economy has bottomed out and will show a U-shaped reversal. Does this mean that the general trend of economic development has changed? What’s your judgment on the short-term and medium-and long-term trend of China’s economy?

　　Authority: On the whole, the economic situation started smoothly this year. The overall situation of economic operation is in line with expectations, and some highlights are better than expectations. However, the inherent contradictions in economic operation have not been alleviated, and some new problems have exceeded expectations. Therefore, it is difficult to describe it with simple concepts such as "opening the door" and "Xiaoyangchun". What do you think? We should stick to the two-point theory or look at it in combination with the development stage and international background.

　　Judging from the situation in the first quarter, we hope that the stable aspects have stabilized, and some even have an unexpected rebound. In the first quarter, GDP increased by 6.7%, the employment situation was generally stable, and residents’ income grew steadily. Economic and financial risks are generally controllable and the overall social situation is stable. The prices of some industrial products have rebounded, and the benefits of industrial enterprises have turned from falling to rising; Investment in fixed assets has accelerated, and new projects have increased substantially; The real estate market is booming in supply and marketing, and destocking has obviously accelerated.

　　We have also made new progress in the areas we hope to advance. The proportion of service industry continues to increase, new models and new formats are emerging, some products with high added value and high technology content are growing rapidly, residents’ consumption is escalating, domestic tourism is booming during the May 1 holiday, and the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta regions actively adapt to the new normal, pay attention to demand analysis, pursue innovation and quality and efficiency, and strengthen the stability of economic growth. In particular, the awareness of the importance of supply-side structural reform in various regions and departments has been continuously improved, and the work has been actively carried out in accordance with the requirements of the central authorities, and the results are gradually emerging.

　　However, it is undeniable that the inherent contradictions we are facing have not been fundamentally solved, and some new problems have also been exposed. The foundation of "stability" still mainly depends on the "old method", that is, investment-driven, and the pressure of fiscal balance in some areas is greater, and the probability of economic risks is rising. In particular, the investment of private enterprises has fallen sharply, and the risk points such as real estate bubble, excess capacity, non-performing loans, local debt, stock market, foreign exchange market, bond market and illegal fund-raising have increased. In some areas with low degree of marketization, low-end industries and single structure, the downward pressure on the economy is still increasing, the employment problem is prominent, and social contradictions have intensified. Therefore, when the main contradiction is structural rather than cyclical, "progress" is the foundation of "stability". "Advancing" means solving the supply-side structural and institutional problems in economic operation, which takes time, and it is still in its infancy, and the new impetus can’t afford to take the lead.

　　Comprehensive judgment shows that China’s economic operation cannot be U-shaped, let alone V-shaped, but L-shaped.

　　I want to emphasize that this L-shape is a stage, not one or two years. In the next few years, it is difficult to fundamentally change the pattern of low total demand and overcapacity. It is impossible for economic growth to continue to rise and achieve high growth for several years once it picks up. "Take a step back" means "take two steps forward". We are full of confidence in China’s development prospects. China’s economy has sufficient potential, strong resilience and large room for manoeuvre. Even if it is not stimulated, its speed will not drop much. In this regard, we must internalize in the heart and externalize in the line. Don’t be happy about the recovery of some economic indicators; Don’t panic if some economic indicators go down.

　　Differentiation is the necessity of economic development. Some resources began to look for new places, which led to innovation; Some of them are slow, and they are still waiting in the same place, counting on when "feng shui turns to my house"

　　Under the new normal, we need to optimize the allocation of resources, foster new impetus and form a new structure, which means that the sooner the differentiation, the better.

　　Whether it is a region, an industry or an enterprise, there are always some people who get the benefits of "eight" in the differentiation of "two-eighth law", stand out and have a bright future.

　　Q: While the economy is picking up, we also notice that the current trend of economic operation differentiation is becoming more and more obvious, and the eastern coastal areas have a strong momentum of economic stabilization and recovery. However, the economies of some resource-based provinces in the northeast and central and western regions are still relatively difficult, and foreign power is called "two worlds". What signal does this trend differentiation convey?

　　Authority: Differentiation is the necessity of economic development.

　　Under the condition of market economy, resources tend to be concentrated in high-yield areas, and there is a trend of industrial isomorphism. After a period of time, overcapacity will be formed, excessive competition will occur, and excess profits will disappear. At this time, some resources began to look for new places, which produced innovation; Some of them are relatively slow, and they still stay in the same place and wait for it, counting on when "feng shui will take turns to come to my house". The differentiation trend formed by these two situations is due to the law.

　　Under the new normal, we need to optimize the allocation of resources, foster new impetus and form a new structure, which means that the sooner the differentiation, the better. Whether it is a region, an industry or an enterprise, there are always some people who get the benefits of "eight" in the differentiation of "two-eighth law", stand out and have a bright future. Some of them have suffered, but they have also learned a lesson and know what to do next. I don’t think it’s a bad thing.

　　Since the reform and opening up, China’s economy has begun to accelerate its differentiation. In this process, a number of dynamic regions, competitive industrial enterprises and well-known brands have emerged. After the international financial crisis, the world economic differentiation accelerated, China entered a new normal, and the domestic economic differentiation further intensified. Last year, when analyzing the economic situation in the first quarter, the central government pointed out that those who actively adapt to the new normal and attach importance to innovation and quality and efficiency have a better development trend; On the contrary, the pressure is relatively high. This year, this trend is still continuing, even intensifying, and it is indeed "a few happy families and a few worried families". In the foreseeable future, in the process of economic differentiation, more dynamic regions, industries and enterprises with more international competitiveness will emerge in China, but the life of some regions, industries and enterprises will become more and more difficult. It is better to work hard than to endure hardships. Now the cadres and masses in these areas, industries and enterprises are abandoning their illusions, striving for self-reliance, actively promoting reform and innovation, and striving to catch up.

CCTV reporter:I am a client reporter of CCTV, CCTV. com and CCTV. At present, the call for reducing the "five insurances and one gold" in society is relatively concentrated. If an employee’s monthly income is 8,000 yuan, his income is actually less than 5,000 yuan, and 3,000 yuan is paid for "five insurances and one gold". In addition, "five insurances and one gold" is also a very heavy burden for enterprises. They feel great pressure, and both enterprises and employees hope to pay less. However, if they all pay less, the social security fund, which is already very tight, may become even more tense. May I ask the Prime Minister, how do you respond to these opinions from the society? Has such a thorny "dilemma" been included in your government work agenda this year, and how are you going to solve it concretely?

Li Keqiang:During my participation in the "two sessions", some delegates and members also suggested that we could consider appropriately adjusting the deposit ratio of "five insurances and one gold". The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council attached great importance to this matter. Last year, the State Council actually lowered the contribution ratio for work-related injury, unemployment and maternity insurance.

Of course, there is still room for appropriate adjustment of "five insurances and one gold" in general, and the situation varies from place to place. As I said earlier, the social security fund is abundant. Under the framework of unified national regulations, local governments can be given more autonomy, so that they can reduce the deposit ratio of "five insurances and one gold" in stages and appropriately according to local actual conditions. This can be done. Generally speaking, it is to let enterprises reduce their burden a little more and let employees get more cash.

Tombs are an important part of social funeral etiquette at that time, an important carrier to show the social material level, and an important window to map the social economy, culture, art and spiritual beliefs at that time. In the Song Dynasty, in Sichuan, Chongqing and Guizhou, a kind of stone tomb with portraits was popular, mainly distributed in mountains and hills. Taking this kind of tombs as an example, this paper discusses the multiplicity of their space.

Song tomb space includes three aspects. First, the terrain environment where the tombs are located can be called environmental space; Second, the physical space of tombs, including tombs, surface cemeteries and other remains; Third, the post-death world conveyed by the tomb entity can be called illusory space.

1 environmental space

As the name implies, environmental space refers to the terrain environment where tombs are located, that is, the burial site environment. In the Song Dynasty, influenced by the geomantic geomantic omen doctrine, the site selection of tombs often required geomantic exploration.

The Song Dynasty is the heyday of the development of Feng Shui theory, and the Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty also participated in the study of Feng Shui theory. Cheng Yi in the Northern Song Dynasty said in "The Theory of Burial": "He who has the beauty of the earth has peace of mind and his son Sun Sheng. It is natural to cultivate its roots and flourish. The evil of the earth is the opposite. But who is the beauty of the earth? The smoothness of the earth color and the lush vegetation are its tests. Fathers, ancestors and descendants share the same spirit. If there is peace, there is security, and if there is danger, there is danger. It is also reasonable. " In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi also studied the problem of geomantic omen. "Zhu Ziyun must bow in the face of the situation, and there is no space to surround it, which is also the extreme intention of a benevolent son." The theory of geomantic omen embodies the realistic demand of its purpose: the prosperity of future generations. Because the fathers, ancestors and descendants share the same spirit, security and danger are integrated into one, and the prosperity of future generations first needs the peace of the fathers and ancestors, and one side is the premise. The terrain is superior, "the situation is arched and surrounded by no empty place." On the other hand, seeking a good land through geomantic omen, which makes the father and the ancestors peaceful, is also "the extreme of benevolence and filial piety" and the expression of Confucian filial piety.

The Song Dynasty was also the final period of the formation of Xingfa Sect in Jiangxi and Liqi Sect in Fujian, with Xingfa Sect as the mainstream. Zhao Yi, a Qing Dynasty man, pointed out in Yu Cong Kao: "The method of saying" house and house "began in the middle of Fujian, and became popular in the Song Dynasty. She was born in the star divination, with the sun rising in the mountains and the sun rising in the mountains, and the yin rising in the mountains, and took the five-star gossip purely to determine the principle of life and grams. One said that the method of Jiangxi originated from Yang Junsong, Zeng Wendi, Lai Dayou and Xie Ziyi in the middle of Jiangxi. It was said that the main thing was the situation, that is, the original action, that is, the stop, and the orientation, specifically referring to the matching of sand and water in the dragon cave. The theories of the two schools are popular, while the theory of Gan is better. "

In mountainous and hilly areas, the burial environment of Song tombs is generally backed by water in front and surrounded on the left and right, which corresponds to the "dragon, cave, sand and water" emphasized by Xingfa Sect. The Anbing Tomb in Huaying, Sichuan Province, sits east to west, and is located in the foothills of Huanran Mountain in the middle of Huaying Mountain Range, with Pine Mountain in the south, Wang Jialiang Son in the north, and two hills in the west, with a gentle valley in between; The gully water flows into the Longdong river ditch on the north side, and then meanders to the west. The Song Tomb of Foyan Temple in Yongchuan sits west to east, and is located at the front end of the triangular mountain mouth with shallow hills. The layers of paddy fields on the north and south sides meet in the east, and there are hills outside, adjacent to Dazhuxi in the east and Huanggua Mountain in the west.

Local geographical environment of Foyan Temple tombs in Yongchuan

It can be seen that in mountainous and hilly areas, the burial environment of the Song tombs is arranged in a mountain-like water potential, and there is no unified insistence on the direction of the tombs, which is different from the fact that the Central Plains follows the "five-tone surname benefit method", which is the result of different geomantic theories.

2 physical space

Physical space includes tombs, cemeteries and other ancillary facilities on the ground. There are few high-grade tombs in the portrait stone tombs of Sichuan, Chongqing and Guizhou, and because of the disturbance of later generations, few remains of the Song tomb cemetery have been found. The tomb of Anbing mentioned above is one of the highest-ranking tombs of Pinguan in Sichuan Basin. An Bing died in the 14th year of Lizong Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (1221). He was given Shao Shi as an official, and was given a posthumous award. The cemetery and its ancillary facilities can be seen in tombs, enjoying halls, worshipping Taiwan, Jiucengkan, Shinto, Jiulong Bridge, Zhaoxun Temple and other sites. Most of the other tombs only have the structure of the tomb in the tomb, as well as the remains of the drainage ditch and the tomb road connected with the tomb.

The interior decoration of stone tombs in Sichuan, Chongqing and Guizhou is imitation wood structure and various portrait themes, which some scholars call imitation wood structure stone tombs. There are carved stone components outside individual tombs, such as the Song Tomb at Shapingba Wellhead, the head of the town tomb between the lintels of the Song Tombs of Jiangjiazui Tombs, and the stone lions outside the Song Tombs of Jiangjin Shifosi Site.

According to relevant research, the distribution range of wood-like stone tombs is Dazhou in the east, Leshan in the west, Zunyi in the south and Guangyuan in the north, with Dazu to Chongqing as the center. Wood-like structures such as beams, columns, beams, foreheads, arches, doors and windows are carved in the tomb by means of round carving and relief, which are displayed on the back wall, side walls and top of the stone tomb, and together with decorative warriors, literati, waiters, stories of characters, four gods, flowers, animals and birds, furnishings, inscriptions, mountains and rivers, etc., form an underground tomb space. Decorative themes include four gods, eight diagrams, cranes and other patterns with Taoist factors, lotus flowers, lions, elephants, metaplastic boys, Buddhist scriptures and so on with Buddhist elements, as well as sitting statues, trips, furnishings, male and female attendants of the tomb owners and couples reflecting secular life, which is the embodiment of the integration of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in the tombs in the Song Dynasty.

Sculpture of Song Tomb in Jiangjin Baisha Middle School

In addition to decoration, the tomb space also includes funerary objects and coffins. Because there are almost no coffins in the stone carvings of the Song tombs, I will not explain them. In terms of funerary objects, compared with the brick tombs of the Song Dynasty in Chengdu Plain, there are more figurines in the tombs, such as warriors and waiters. In the portrait stone-carved tomb, the warrior figures appear as stone-carved warriors on the doorpost stone under the lintel stone, and the waiter is located on the back wall or niche of the tomb wall. The funerary objects include bowls, plates, saucers, pots, cans, etc., which are manifested as offering containers, together with the tomb owner’s position symbolized by the niche behind the tomb, reflecting the sacrificial behavior existing in the tomb. Therefore, the stone carvings, funerary objects and tomb space in the tomb are interrelated and integrated with each other, and jointly create the underground space of the tomb owner’s dead soul.

3 Unreal space

Unreal space is the afterlife world conveyed by the tomb entities. With the integration of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in the Song Dynasty, people in the Song Dynasty had many understandings of the world after death, such as logging into fairyland, dying in pure land, or enjoying a rich and auspicious life as secular. The inscriptions of "Jue", "Zao", "Lu", "Wishing", "The Second Road to the West" and "Being Accepted by Life" were found in Nanchuan’s tomb of the Southern Song Dynasty. The stone carvings included lions, elephants and baby plays, and the inscription "There is no mercy and compassion in the Southern Song Dynasty’s tomb of Zhang Zishuo" showed the tomb owner’s desire to live in a western Buddhist country. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the back wall of Yu Gong’s couple’s tomb is carved with a fairyland "Penglai Map". The lower part of the map is carved with tides, and the upper part is Penglai Fairy Mountain. The stone steps detour up to the top of the mountain. There is a crane perched at the foot of the mountain, and a bearded elder at the foot of the mountain faces the hiking trail, which is the most intuitive expression of the tomb owner’s desire to log in to fairyland after death. The Song Tomb in Mo ‘erpo, Longshui, Dazu shows the stone carvings of playing and listening to songs, and the stone carvings of instrumental performance, dance and opera performance are seen in the Song Tomb in Luxian County, which are the reappearance of secular life.

Music and Dance Stone Carvings in Song Tombs in Luxian County

Dance Stone Carvings in Song Tombs of Luxian County

Nanchuan came to visit the coffin of the Song tomb.

"Penglai map" on the back wall of the couple’s tomb written by Yu Gong in the Southern Song Dynasty

The illusory space is detached from the claustrophobia of the actual underground tomb space, suggesting the continuation of the space behind the tomb wall through the lattice doors, screens and curtains that imitate the wooden structure. Images of the Four Gods are also common in the tombs of the Song Dynasty, generally about Qinglong and Baihu, and about Suzaku Xuanwu. In the land purchase vouchers of the Song Dynasty, it is common to say that "Qinglong in the east, Baihu in the west, Xuanwu in the north and Suzaku in the south" is actually to express the seclusion of underground space, break the claustrophobia of actual space and show the freedom of the tomb owner’s dead soul.

The physical space of the tomb is not disturbed, and the underground space is stable, which is the basis to ensure the existence of the illusory space. Cheng Yi’s "Burial Theory" says that the choice of burial site requires that "the future must not be a road, a castle, a ditch, a potential, or a plow", which means that the tomb entity will not be disturbed by the activities of the world; The underground space is stable, so it is necessary to "dig the ground to 40-50 feet, and wear it even more when encountering stones, which is waterproof and moist." In the actual excavation of Song tombs, the common tombs and stone blocks are also measures to ensure the stability of the tombs.

The stability of the illusory space lies in not being disturbed by evil spirits and ghosts, and it is embodied in the portrait stone tomb by town tomb warriors, supernatural images, land purchase vouchers, town tomb texts, gossip patterns and so on. For example, the side walls of the Song tombs of Hejiawan Tombs in Hechuan are carved with patterns such as gate post warriors, green dragons and white tigers. The back wall of Yang Yuanjia’s husband and wife’s joint burial tomb in Beibei is engraved with the inscription of the town’s tomb, which contains the sentence of "forbidding all taboos and not doing anything to harm the gas". On the side wall of the Song tomb in Guantian, Zheng ‘an, Guizhou, there are sculptures of animal heads and personal warriors, which are mouse heads and snake heads respectively. The briefing thinks that it is related to the town tomb. The bagua pattern on the top of the tomb also has this function, such as the bagua phoenix picture on the Song Tomb of Sanxizi in Jiangjin, and the bagua picture on the top of the Song Tomb of Jiangjiazui Tomb Group in Shapingba.

Decoration at the Back of Hejiawan Tombs in Hechuan

Side wall decoration of song tombs in Hejiawan tombs in Hechuan

Burial objects in the back niche of the Song Tomb of Jiangjiazui Tomb Group in Shapingba

The beast head and personal warrior in the Song tomb of Guantian in Zheng ‘an, Guizhou

Map of Eight Diagrams and Phoenix Birds in Song Tomb of Sanxizi in Jiangjin

4 Trinity

The three aspects of the space of the tomb in the Song Dynasty all serve the tomb owner and the bereaved family, which are trinity and unified in purpose. "Buried Sutra" says: "Buried people hide and take advantage of anger." The theory of geomantic omen from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties runs through the thought of "the theory that the remains are shaded", which is basically the realistic demand that the gods are safe and the descendants are prosperous. In taking care of the actual needs, express Confucian filial piety. According to the previous review, the construction of physical space, illusory space and geomantic choice of environmental space of tombs all have the common purpose of making the father and the ancestor "safe".

The physical space is not disturbed and the tomb is stable. On the one hand, illusory space protects peace, on the other hand, it constructs a Buddhist country, a fairyland and a prosperous and auspicious secular life, satisfying the world’s pursuit of the other side of the world after death, which is the embodiment of its spiritual belief. The purpose is to appease the dead and seek the peace and harmony of the fathers and ancestors, which is "for the sake of the dead." The realistic demand for the prosperity of children and grandchildren is the embodiment of "the plan for the living".

The "plan for the living" of the Song tomb is also reflected in the construction of the living tomb. The tomb is the Shoutang, which was built for the tomb owner before his death, in order to pray that the tomb owner will live a long life. Inscription of the Song Tomb in Shabazi, Rongchang, Chongqing: "Yingjing Zhengjiro is a famous horse, and the word is Dejun, and this Shoutang was built." Notes on the Land Purchase Voucher of Song Tomb in Rongchangba, Guizhou Province: "The establishment of Shoutang No.2 Institute … is based on the fact that a stone man can speak, a stone horse can do it, and the stone deed is □, and the phase begins to call each other, and according to this oath, the life will last for thousands of years. After the construction, Shoutong Peng Zu is willing to be as rich as a hundred years, a thousand children and grandchildren, and as rich as a golden wall in Shi Chong. " The Shoutang bears the good wishes of the tomb owner himself and for future generations, and the "plan for the living" is vividly reflected.

In a word, taking the stone tombs with portraits of Sichuan, Chongqing and Guizhou in the Song Dynasty as an example, the Song tombs have triple spaces, such as environmental space, physical space and illusory space, which jointly serve the tomb owners and the bereaved, bear many prayers of the living and the dead, are the link between life and death, and are also the places where reality and emptiness are transformed.

(The author of this article is an associate researcher at the Institute of Archaeology, Chongqing Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. The original title is "On the Triple Space of Song Tombs —— Taking the Stone Tombs with Portraits of Sichuan, Chongqing and Guizhou as an Example". The full text was originally published on the official WeChat of Chongqing Archaeology. )

Probe into the Hot Spring Resources of Niutuo Hot Spring

Niutuo Hot Spring has attracted much attention for its unique hot spring resources. The hot spring water here is rich in minerals and trace elements, which has brought many health benefits to people.

First of all, from the point of view of water quality, the water in Niutuo Hot Spring is clear and transparent, with no peculiar smell. After professional testing, it is rich in various components beneficial to human body, such as minerals such as potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and iron, as well as metasilicic acid and hydrogen sulfide. These ingredients have remarkable effects on relieving muscle fatigue, promoting blood circulation and improving skin condition.

Secondly, the temperature of hot springs is just right. Generally speaking, keeping the water temperature in a suitable range can not only make people feel warm and comfortable, but also not be too hot and uncomfortable. Such temperature conditions help to relax and make people achieve the best experience in the process of enjoying hot springs.

Furthermore, the water yield of Niutuo Hot Springs is relatively stable and sufficient. This means that tourists’ needs can be met both in the tourist season and on weekdays, so that people can enjoy the fun of hot springs without waiting for a long time.

In order to understand the resource advantages of Niutuo Hot Springs more intuitively, we can compare them through the following table:

So, is the hot spring experience here worth a try? The answer is yes.

For those who pursue health and wellness, Niutuo Hot Spring is an ideal choice. Here, you can immerse yourself in warm spring water, let minerals and trace elements penetrate into your skin, inject vitality into your body, and relieve the pressure brought by work and life.

For those who like to relax, Niutuo Hot Spring provides a quiet and comfortable environment. You can enjoy the comfort brought by hot springs in the beautiful natural scenery and forget all your troubles.

For families traveling, Niutuo Hot Springs are also attractive. Children can play in safe areas, while adults can relax in hot springs and enhance the feelings among family members.

In a word, Niutuo Hot Spring brings people a unique and unforgettable hot spring experience with its high-quality hot spring resources. Whether you are out of health considerations or looking for a good place to relax and relax, Niutuo Hot Spring is worthy of your own experience.

[Disclaimer] This article only represents the author’s own views and has nothing to do with Hexun. Hexun.com is neutral about the statements and opinions in this article, and does not provide any express or implied guarantee for the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the contents. Readers are requested for reference only, and please take full responsibility. Email: news_center@staff.hexun.com.

Today’s exposure shooting special edition of French racing comedy. The video not only shows the shooting scenes of various exciting scenes such as speeding cars and explosions, but also interviews several leading actors, who express their special feelings for the series and their expectations for the film. The film "Taxi Express 5" is written, directed and starred by Frank Gaston Peter, and co-starred by French movie stars Malik Banzela, Bernard Farcy and Salvatore Esposito, and will be released nationwide on August 3rd.

Restart classic new characters and stories with feelings and enthusiasm to inspire a new generation.

In the special edition, the film’s creators were interviewed, and they respectively expressed their feelings for the series of Taxi Express and their love for this series of Taxi Express 5. Every master thinks that it is a great honor to participate in the classic restart, because the Taxi Express series has accompanied every the French to grow up, and it is irreplaceable. Director Frank Gaston Peter said, "Taxi Express 5 is actually a film created by fans, not an opportunistic film." Not only the director, but also the whole team behind the scenes are creating with the enthusiasm of fans. Bernard Farcy, the actor of the classic character Kibeho, also said, "The fifth part will inspire a whole new generation."

The film tells the story of sylvain (Frank Gaston Peter), a troubled detective, and Eddie (Malik Banzela), a loser driver, who, by mistake, form an own goal to confront transnational criminal gangs. In addition to the new CP and the sparks and jokes created by various wonderful new characters, the fast-moving racing scene in the movie makes people’s heart beat faster and the hormones surge all the time. As the director said, "I hope the new film is more powerful, shocking and impressive than the previous one", which makes people look forward to seeing these shots appear on the screen.

All kinds of famous cars fly into the sea, creating new excitement.

In the special edition, this shocking shot beyond the previous one is displayed. The first thing that catches your eye is a series of exciting speeding shots, one of the important "protagonists" in Taxi Express 5 — — The classic white taxi that has been running through the whole series for 20 years debuted. This time, it is more like a rocket in the lens, flying in the sky instead of running on the road. At the same time, there are various famous cars flying into the sea together, and all available equipment, including helicopter aerial photography, is used for filming, which not only reproduces many classic pictures of serial crashes in previous series, but also upgrades the scene and speed, bringing heavy sensory stimulation, which can definitely rekindle fans’ infinite enthusiasm for racing.

In all kinds of shooting scenes, there is a soul figure — — Directed by Frank Gaston Peter. He carefully monitored every shot and manipulated every scene of a speeding car crash and explosion. In front of the camera, he always acts like a cool guy or jokes with his partner. After the camera, he takes every scene seriously.

The best staff in Europe who can shoot drag racing scenes — — Two series of behind-the-scenes people were filmed, all of whom participated in the filming of Taxi Express 5, and worked together with the director for a more exciting and beautiful picture. They often spend hours, sometimes even a whole day, discussing how to make stunt shots more exciting than before, and the scenes of car racing are touching.

1905 movie network news　During this year, the 2021 "Wanda Night" ceremony, which has attracted much attention from the film and television industry, was grandly held on June 18. Zeng Maojun, President of Wanda Culture Group and President of Wanda Film and Television Group, delivered a keynote speech, bringing a new plan for Wanda Film’s "W +" strategy. HeIt said that the future direction of Wanda film and television content creation will practice "type diversification", "film, drama, online student content integration" and "high-quality IP serialization". In the next three years, at least 30 movies, 30 episodes and 30 online student content will be launched. In terms of talent training, Zeng Maojun also sent a message to young directors and young screenwriters on the spot: "For talent training, we must insist on aggregating strength, empowering elites, and constantly trial and error. In the future, we must build a think tank of elite mentors at home and abroad for these young forces, and cultivate talents through works."

2021 "Wanda Film List" First Exposure　

The three major sectors convey the power of domestic film and television IP

The annual "Wanda film list" is released heavily: among them, "Peacekeeping and Riot Squad", "No Spring Will Not Come", "My Father Jiao Yulu", "Shen Jilan" and other main theme commercial masterpieces focusing on the issues of the times, from national heroes who live up to their mission, to united efforts to fight the epidemic, and then to the people’s public servants who serve the country and the people, many angles have injected a strong red gene into the film list, sincerely dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the founding of the party, played the strong voice of the times, and carried forward the Chinese spirit. At the same time, the movie "Peacekeeping and Riot Squad" was also exposed for the first time on the scene; in addition, it also includes "Underwater Column 2: Cave Adventure", "New Big Head Son and Little Head Dad 4: Perfect Dad" and other childlike genre films; there are also "Chinatown Detective" series of works At the same time, the youth family movie "What should I do when the second brother comes", which has aroused many audiences’ expectations, has also joined the summer film and will be released on July 16 this year. As a key promotion project, "Mozart in Outer Space" directed by Chen Sicheng and "Three Battalions" supervised by Chen Sicheng also attracted media attention and expectations on the spot.

Chen Zhengdao

It is worth mentioning that, in addition to the explosion of content in the traditional strong film sector, this year’s "Wanda Night" list also focuses on the launch of dozens of high-quality dramas and online content market masterpieces. For example, the repertoire list released by New Media Eslite covers the third "Young People Under Zhengyang Gate" in the "Zhengyang Gate Series", the second "Dear Mom and Dad" in the "Dear Series", the popular classic Xianxia IP "Legend of Immortals and Swords" "Legend of Immortals and Swords and Swords" 4 ", and the modern legendary spy drama" The City of Manchu ". Content innovation has kept these series IPs alive. In addition, several online movies including "Security Diary" and "The Legend of Shushan: Return of Ten Thousand Swords" produced by Chengya Film and Television are also quite eye-catching. This weighty film list has made people in the industry and the general audience express great anticipation. In addition, the high-quality online movie series "Legend of Immortals and Swords" will be launched in the Q3 quarter of 2021, which will open a new track and new chapter of online content for Wanda Film and Television. Wanda Cinemas, New Media Eslite, and Chengya Film and Television will work together to expand the boundaries of content creation and promote the vigorous development of the film and television industry.

New Big Head Son and Little Head Dad 4: The Perfect Dadmain creator

Six series open the "Elite +" program　

Reserve new strength for China’s film industry

In the "Time Dialogue" session on the evening of the event, the organizers invited "New Big Head Son and Little Head Dad 4".What is it?The creators of Perfect Dad, Tianxing Art, and What to do when the second brother comes have on-site exchanges with six groups of young directors such as Chen Zhengdao, Zhang Luan, and Han Tian, sharing the creative concepts and behind-the-scenes stories of these works. Ms. Yin Xiangjin, senior assistant to the president of Wanda Film and Television Group and general manager of the film and television media company, emphasized Wanda Film and Television’s emphasis on talent training: "Wanda Film and Television is confident and has very good resources to help good filmmakers and good projects hatch better and faster. This is a win-win situation for both parties. I believe it will bring you more surprises in the future."

In addition, on the night of the 2021 "Wanda Night" ceremony, four young directors signed by Wanda Film and Television through the "Elite + Filmmaker Program" also came to the scene. The "Elite + Filmmaker Program" was first released in the "Wanda Night" in 2017. It is a support plan for Wanda Film and Television to integrate the advantages of the whole industry chain and escort the creation of young filmmakers. For young directors, Wanda Film and Television can provide them with a huge platform system and rich film and television resources to help them devote themselves to the development of high-quality content.

Han Tian

Unlike other film and television talent training programs in the industry, the screenwriting sector is also an important part of the "Elite + Filmmaker Program". So far, 65 new screenwriters have been signed for the "Elite +" screenwriting masterclass. Wanda Film and Television uses the script venture capital competition as a carrier to invite senior film mentors who have accumulated more than 20 billion at the box office and high-reputation online drama mentors whose works have reached 9.2 points on Douban for guidance, and continues to send content creation talents to the "Elite" think *********y excellent screenwriters have participated in the development and planning of Wanda Film and Television’s main control project, becoming a new generation of content creators whose voices cannot be ignored. At the event, Mr. Zeng and Mr. Yin presented awards to the four contracted directors Jingran, Guo Sanpi, Chen Shizhong, and Gao Renjie, and representatives of the screenwriting master class were also awarded certificates at the scene. These outstanding young directors and screenwriters will gradually grow into the backbone of Chinese film creation and outline a wonderful future for the industry.