1. Garden selection
Because the big cherry tree is a perennial deciduous fruit tree, the whole growth cycle should be considered when choosing the garden and variety, which plays a decisive role in the growth, yield and quality of the big cherry. Based on this, we should build cherry orchard with high standards, so as to achieve high yield and high quality of big cherries.
First of all, we should choose to plant on sandy loam or gravelly loam with leeward sun, low groundwater level, deep soil layer, good permeability and pH value between 6.0 and 7.5. Perhaps many people don’t know that cherry trees are water-loving fruit trees. When building cherry orchard, we should give full consideration to irrigation water sources and irrigation conditions, and build cherry orchard land in a plot close to water sources and with watering conditions. In view of the concentrated maturity and poor storability of cherries, the choice of cherry orchard land should be in an area close to the sales place and convenient transportation. As for cherry varieties, Italian Rainier, Zaohong, Xianfeng, Rubins and other common varieties are generally recommended. And the ratio of main varieties to pollinated trees should be 3∶1. When the area of cherry orchard is small, the two varieties can be half, and the method of planting by interlacing or spacing trees should be adopted.
2. Reasonable close planting
Planting young cherry trees is generally divided into two ways: winter planting and spring planting. In windy and dry areas in winter, seedlings planted in winter are easy to lose water and dry, and the survival rate is extremely low. Therefore, it is best to plant in spring to improve the survival rate of trees. Cherry planting in spring is suitable after soil thawing and before seedling germination, usually in the middle and early March, which is the most suitable time. In order to obtain high yield and quality, reasonable close planting must be carried out according to fertility. In the medium fertility soil, it is recommended that the plant spacing should be 4m× 4m, and 500-650 plants can be planted per hectare. At the same time, in order to enhance the lighting performance of the big cherry tree, the north-south direction should be adopted.
3, plastic pruning
In order to make full use of the advantages of high germination rate and branch ability of big cherry, it is necessary to adopt the pruning method of light pruning, summer pruning and combination of promotion and control in the young tree period of cherry tree. In order to prevent the polarization of branches, it is necessary to focus on coring, engraving buds and pulling branches. While accelerating the tree shaping, we should strengthen the improvement of the lighting conditions in the inner chamber to achieve the effect of slowing down the situation and promoting flowers. By means of pruning, the tree body is cultivated into three shapes: natural happy shape, natural clump shape or free spinning shape. After the cherry tree enters the full fruit period, it must be sparse, clear-headed, and sparse. Maintain reasonable tree structure and group structure while maintaining moderate and robust tree potential.
It should be noted that when pruning large branches, it should be done immediately after fruit picking. Don’t prune large branches in winter. The wound should not be facing the sky. Prune branches thoroughly, and the wound should be polished and flattened. Do a good job in batches in a planned way to avoid weakening the tree. Usually, there are three ways to maintain the tree’s vigor and structure. The first is to increase the short-cut degree of the extended branches of the backbone and the leading branches of the branch group, and short-cut them at 2-3 leaf buds above the axillary flower buds at the base, so as to relatively maintain the vigorous growth of the leading branches. The second method is to cut the 2-3-year-old branches at the top of the backbone branches lightly, which effectively promotes the transformation of bouquet-shaped fruit branches into medium-long branches. The last one is to shrink the 2-3-year-old branches at the tip of the perennial fruiting branch group, fully promote the growth of branches, enhance the growth of cherry trees, increase the proportion of leaf buds in the branch group, and rejuvenate the growth and fruiting ability of the branch group.
4. Flower and fruit management
In the high-yield cultivation of big cherry, flower and fruit management is the most basic and key technology, which needs to be studied carefully.
(1) Bud thinning and fruit thinning: Bud thinning of big cherries is generally carried out before flowering, and the main work is to remove Kobanawa abnormal flowers on thin fruit branches, and only 2-3 full and robust buds are left on each bouquetlike fruit branch. However, the fruit thinning of big cherry should generally be carried out after physiological fruit dropping, and it is necessary to thin out small fruits, deformed fruits and poorly colored drooping fruits. It is required to leave 3-4 fruits for a bouqueted fruit branch, with no more than 5 fruits at most.
(2) promoting fruit coloring: picking leaves; On the basis of reasonable shaping and pruning, all the leaves that block the bath light of cherry fruit are removed during the coloring period; However, it should be noted that the leaves on the fruit branches play an important role in flower bud differentiation, and it is forbidden to pick the leaves too heavily. Laying reflective materials; 10-15 days before the big cherry fruit was harvested, a reflective film was laid under the crown to enhance the degree of bathing light of the fruit and promote the full coloring of the fruit.
(3) Prevention of fruit cracking: The first step is to stabilize the soil moisture. During the hard-core period to the second fast-growing period of cherry fruit, it is necessary to ensure that the water content in the soil 10-30 cm deep is stable at about 12%. Secondly, spraying calcium salt before harvesting, and spraying 0.299% calcium chloride solution once a week for 3-5 times before fruit picking can effectively increase the soluble solid content in fruits and reduce the occurrence of fruit cracking.
5. Soil, fertilizer and water management
When the big cherry is planted, cultivation measures should be taken to level the planting land, and the planting ditch should be excavated according to the variety of big cherry plants, and the depth of the planting ditch should be ensured to be 70-90 cm. At the same time, in order to ensure sufficient nutrient supply during the growth of big cherry plants, we should also lay about 40 cm of crop straw at the bottom of the planting ditch, cover a proper amount of soil on the crop straw, and apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as the base fertilizer for cherry tree planting.
Because the big cherry tree belongs to the plant species with high water requirement. Therefore, in the actual planting and growth process of big cherry, we should always keep enough water in the soil to minimize the phenomenon of water shortage in the growth process of big cherry plants. There are essential differences in the growth state of big cherry trees in different seasons and months. Based on this, in the process of fertilization of big cherry plants, it is necessary to adjust the fertilizer ratio according to the actual growth state of big cherry to ensure the improvement of fertilization effect of big cherry, which is ultimately conducive to the formation of quality and yield.
6, disease control
In the process of planting big cherry, the common diseases are: cherry brown spot, bacterial perforation, cherry leaf spot, gummosis, root cancer, root rot and virus disease. Among them, virus disease is the most common disease of big cherry, and it seriously affects the quality and yield.
The prevention and control principle of virus disease of big cherry is to improve the tree vigor and disease resistance by strengthening water and fertilizer management, and to enhance the disease resistance and virus suppression ability of big cherry with drugs.
Specific measures:
(1) Immediately after the cherry fruit is picked, use 800 times solution of "Haizhuangyuan 818" foliar fertilizer and 1500 times solution of "Ologa" seaweed essence, and spray the page. At the same time, it is sprayed with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, which is usually sprayed every 10-15 days and needs to be sprayed for about 3 times.
(2) After the fruits are harvested, intertillage and topdressing should be carried out within one month. About 3 kg of organic-inorganic mixed seaweed fertilizer is applied to each class of trees. If conditions permit, you can use 2 kg of seaweed microbial fertilizer and mix it in the form of digging annular ditches or radial ditches, and the depth of the ditches should not exceed 30 cm.
(3) After fertilization, irrigate immediately. When the water seeps a little dry, intertillage immediately. The depth of intertillage should be 10 cm, not too deep.
(4) During the budding period of flower buds in spring, spray the branches once every 10 days according to the above foliar spraying method, and insist on spraying for about 3 times.
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